Association between waterpipe smoking and lung cancer: a multicentre case–control study in Iran
Rashidian H, Hadji M, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Bakhshi M, Nejatizadeh A, Marzban M, Rezaianzadeh A, Seyyedsalehi M, Moradi A, Gholipour M, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Freedman N, Malekzadeh R, Etemadi A, Kamangar F, Weiderpass E, Pukkala E, Boffetta P, Zendehdel K. Association between waterpipe smoking and lung cancer: a multicentre case–control study in Iran. Public Health 2024, 231: 166-172. PMID: 38701659, DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.03.008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchOR of lung cancerWaterpipe smokingWaterpipe smokersLung cancerHigher OROdds of lung cancerOdds ratioIncreased risk of lung cancerRisk of lung cancerMulticentre case-control studyConfidence intervalsMultivariate logistic regression modelExposure to waterpipe smokeLung cancer casesLogistic regression modelsCase-control studyGlobal public health concernPublic health concernSquamous cell carcinomaResidual confoundingLung cancer patientsCancer casesInitiate smokingWaterpipeNever-smokers