Use of Toenail Fluoride Levels as an Indicator for the Risk of Hip and Forearm Fractures in Women
Feskanich D, Owusu W, Hunter D, Willett W, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Morris S, Spate V, Colditz G. Use of Toenail Fluoride Levels as an Indicator for the Risk of Hip and Forearm Fractures in Women. Epidemiology 1998, 9: 412-416. PMID: 9647905, DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199807000-00011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsForearm fracturesFluoride intakeOdds ratioHealth StudyVitamin D intakeDistal forearm fracturesNurses' Health StudyRisk of hipPostmenopausal hormone useBody mass indexLong-term intakeYear of birthD intakeMenopausal statusHip fractureHormone useHighest quartileMass indexOsteoporotic fracturesSmoking statusPrevious hipHeart diseaseSubsequent riskCaffeine intakeEpidemiologic studies