Retinoids and Drugs of Abuse: Implications for Neurological Disease Risk in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection
Royal W, Vlahov D, Lyles C, Gajewski C. Retinoids and Drugs of Abuse: Implications for Neurological Disease Risk in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2003, 37: s427-s432. PMID: 14648459, DOI: 10.1086/377554.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectionVirus type 1 infectionType 1 infectionDrug usersSeronegative control subjectsRetinoic acidDevelopment of HIVInjection drug usersTumor necrosis factorNervous system diseasesLevels of retinolMononuclear cell lineNeurological disease riskTrans retinoic acidDrugs of abuseRetinoid administrationClinical outcomesRetinol-binding proteinImmunomodulatory effectsControl subjectsNecrosis factorSystem diseasesNeurological diseasesHIVDisease risk