2024
Fatty acid binding protein 5 suppression attenuates obesity-induced hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting ferroptosis and intratumoral immune rewiring
Sun J, Esplugues E, Bort A, Cardelo M, Ruz-Maldonado I, Fernández-Tussy P, Wong C, Wang H, Ojima I, Kaczocha M, Perry R, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Fatty acid binding protein 5 suppression attenuates obesity-induced hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting ferroptosis and intratumoral immune rewiring. Nature Metabolism 2024, 6: 741-763. PMID: 38664583, DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01019-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFatty acid binding protein 5Tumor-associated macrophagesHepatocellular carcinomaImmunosuppressive phenotype of tumor-associated macrophagesIncreased CD8+ T cell activationCD8+ T cell activationPhenotype of tumor-associated macrophagesPro-inflammatory tumor microenvironmentCo-stimulatory molecules CD80T cell activationHepatocellular carcinoma burdenTransformation of hepatocytesBinding protein 5Potential therapeutic approachImmunosuppressive phenotypeTumor microenvironmentFerroptosis-induced cell deathMale miceEnhanced ferroptosisTherapeutic approachesPharmacological inhibitionGenetic ablationIncreased expressionSingle-cell atlasAnalysis of transformed cellsmicroRNA-33 controls hunger signaling in hypothalamic AgRP neurons
Price N, Fernández-Tussy P, Varela L, Cardelo M, Shanabrough M, Aryal B, de Cabo R, Suárez Y, Horvath T, Fernández-Hernando C. microRNA-33 controls hunger signaling in hypothalamic AgRP neurons. Nature Communications 2024, 15: 2131. PMID: 38459068, PMCID: PMC10923783, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46427-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAgRP neuronsFeeding behaviorFatty acid metabolismNon-coding RNAsMitochondrial biogenesisRegulatory pathwaysTarget genesHypothalamic AgRP neuronsExcessive nutrient intakeCentral regulatorBioenergetic processesAcid metabolismActivation of AgRP neuronsModulate feeding behaviorCentral regulation of feeding behaviorRegulation of feeding behaviorMiR-33Hunger signalsMicroRNA-33Metabolic diseasesAlternative therapeutic approachLoss of miR-33Mouse modelMetabolic dysfunctionRegulation
2023
Suppression of angiopoietin-like 4 reprograms endothelial cell metabolism and inhibits angiogenesis
Chaube B, Citrin K, Sahraei M, Singh A, de Urturi D, Ding W, Pierce R, Raaisa R, Cardone R, Kibbey R, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Suppression of angiopoietin-like 4 reprograms endothelial cell metabolism and inhibits angiogenesis. Nature Communications 2023, 14: 8251. PMID: 38086791, PMCID: PMC10716292, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43900-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMKP1 promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing AMPK activity through LKB1 nuclear retention
Qiu B, Lawan A, Xirouchaki C, Yi J, Robert M, Zhang L, Brown W, Fernández-Hernando C, Yang X, Tiganis T, Bennett A. MKP1 promotes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing AMPK activity through LKB1 nuclear retention. Nature Communications 2023, 14: 5405. PMID: 37669951, PMCID: PMC10480499, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41145-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchmicroRNA-33 deficiency in macrophages enhances autophagy, improves mitochondrial homeostasis, and protects against lung fibrosis
Ahangari F, Price N, Malik S, Chioccioli M, Bärnthaler T, Adams T, Kim J, Pradeep S, Ding S, Cosme C, Rose K, McDonough J, Aurelien N, Ibarra G, Omote N, Schupp J, DeIuliis G, Nunez J, Sharma L, Ryu C, Dela Cruz C, Liu X, Prasse A, Rosas I, Bahal R, Fernandez-Hernando C, Kaminski N. microRNA-33 deficiency in macrophages enhances autophagy, improves mitochondrial homeostasis, and protects against lung fibrosis. JCI Insight 2023, 8: e158100. PMID: 36626225, PMCID: PMC9977502, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158100.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary fibrosisMiR-33MiR-33 levelsSpecific genetic ablationBronchoalveolar lavage cellsNovel therapeutic approachesMitochondrial homeostasisFatty acid metabolismMacrophages protectsBleomycin injuryLavage cellsLung fibrosisHealthy controlsInflammatory responseTherapeutic approachesImmunometabolic responsesCholesterol effluxFibrosisFatal diseasePharmacological inhibitionSterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) genesGenetic ablationMacrophagesEx vivo mouseThe age of bone marrow dictates the clonality of smooth muscle-derived cells in atherosclerotic plaques
Kabir I, Zhang X, Dave J, Chakraborty R, Qu R, Chandran R, Ntokou A, Gallardo-Vara E, Aryal B, Rotllan N, Garcia-Milian R, Hwa J, Kluger Y, Martin K, Fernández-Hernando C, Greif D. The age of bone marrow dictates the clonality of smooth muscle-derived cells in atherosclerotic plaques. Nature Aging 2023, 3: 64-81. PMID: 36743663, PMCID: PMC9894379, DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00342-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAtherosclerotic plaquesBone marrowSmooth muscle-derived cellsSMC progenitorsAtherosclerotic plaque cellsSmooth muscle cell progenitorsPredominant risk factorCause of deathNovel therapeutic strategiesTNF receptor 1Muscle-derived cellsAged bone marrowAged BMEffect of agePlaque burdenAged miceRisk factorsTumor necrosisTherapeutic strategiesPlaque cellsMyeloid cellsReceptor 1Integrin β3Cell progenitorsAtherosclerosis
2022
Macrophage-Derived 25-Hydroxycholesterol Promotes Vascular Inflammation, Atherogenesis, and Lesion Remodeling
Canfrán-Duque A, Rotllan N, Zhang X, Andrés-Blasco I, Thompson B, Sun J, Price N, Fernández-Fuertes M, Fowler J, Gómez-Coronado D, Sessa W, Giannarelli C, Schneider R, Tellides G, McDonald J, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Macrophage-Derived 25-Hydroxycholesterol Promotes Vascular Inflammation, Atherogenesis, and Lesion Remodeling. Circulation 2022, 147: 388-408. PMID: 36416142, PMCID: PMC9892282, DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.059062.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLipid-loaded macrophagesLineage-tracing mouse modelsSREBP transcriptional activityCholesterol biosynthetic intermediatesWestern diet feedingAccessible cholesterolDifferent macrophage populationsTranscriptomic analysisKey immune regulatorsPlasma membraneAtherosclerosis progressionImmune activationTranscriptional activityGene expressionDiet feedingInflammatory responseMouse bone marrowLiver X receptorBiosynthetic intermediatesSterol metabolismApoptosis susceptibilityToll-like receptor 4Proinflammatory gene expressionHuman coronary atherosclerotic lesionsMouse atherosclerotic plaques
2021
Desmosterol suppresses macrophage inflammasome activation and protects against vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis
Zhang X, McDonald JG, Aryal B, Canfrán-Duque A, Goldberg EL, Araldi E, Ding W, Fan Y, Thompson BM, Singh AK, Li Q, Tellides G, Ordovás-Montanes J, García Milian R, Dixit VD, Ikonen E, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Desmosterol suppresses macrophage inflammasome activation and protects against vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2021, 118: e2107682118. PMID: 34782454, PMCID: PMC8617522, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107682118.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCholesterol biosynthetic intermediatesBiosynthetic intermediatesDependent inflammasome activationSingle-cell transcriptomicsMitochondrial reactive oxygen species productionFoam cell formationMacrophage foam cellsReactive oxygen species productionHuman coronary artery lesionsConversion of desmosterolTranscriptomic analysisMacrophage cholesterol metabolismPhysiological contextOxygen species productionLiver X receptor ligandsApoptosis-associated speck-like proteinRetinoid X receptor activationX receptor ligandsInflammasome activationAtherosclerotic plaquesSpeck-like proteinCholesterol homeostasisMacrophage inflammasome activationKey moleculesCell formationKetogenic diet restrains aging-induced exacerbation of coronavirus infection in mice
Ryu S, Shchukina I, Youm YH, Qing H, Hilliard B, Dlugos T, Zhang X, Yasumoto Y, Booth CJ, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y, Khanna K, Horvath TL, Dietrich MO, Artyomov M, Wang A, Dixit VD. Ketogenic diet restrains aging-induced exacerbation of coronavirus infection in mice. ELife 2021, 10: e66522. PMID: 34151773, PMCID: PMC8245129, DOI: 10.7554/elife.66522.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsΓδ T cellsKetogenic dietCoronavirus infectionAged miceT cellsHigher systemic inflammationInfected aged miceCOVID-19 severityCOVID-19 infectionActivation of ketogenesisMouse hepatitis virus strain A59Systemic inflammationInflammatory damageInfluenza infectionClinical hallmarkNLRP3 inflammasomeImmune surveillanceAdipose tissuePotential treatmentInfectionMiceStrongest predictorLungMortalityAgeLoss of hepatic miR-33 improves metabolic homeostasis and liver function without altering body weight or atherosclerosis
Price NL, Zhang X, Fernández-Tussy P, Singh AK, Burnap SA, Rotllan N, Goedeke L, Sun J, Canfrán-Duque A, Aryal B, Mayr M, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Loss of hepatic miR-33 improves metabolic homeostasis and liver function without altering body weight or atherosclerosis. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2021, 118: e2006478118. PMID: 33495342, PMCID: PMC7865172, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006478118.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMiR-33 deficiencyHDL-C levelsMiR-33Body weightAtherosclerotic plaque sizeAtherosclerotic plaque burdenDevelopment of fibrosisCholesterol transport capacityCholesterol transporter ABCA1High-density lipoprotein biogenesisSREBP2 transcription factorKnockout mouse modelConditional knockout mouse modelPlaque burdenCardiometabolic diseasesChow dietLiver functionMetabolic dysfunctionHDL metabolismHyperlipidemic conditionsMouse modelGlucose homeostasisCholesterol effluxLipid metabolismObesity
2019
Endothelial TGF-β signalling drives vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis
Chen PY, Qin L, Li G, Wang Z, Dahlman JE, Malagon-Lopez J, Gujja S, Cilfone N, Kauffman K, Sun L, Sun H, Zhang X, Aryal B, Canfran-Duque A, Liu R, Kusters P, Sehgal A, Jiao Y, Anderson D, Gulcher J, Fernandez-Hernando C, Lutgens E, Schwartz M, Pober J, Chittenden T, Tellides G, Simons M. Endothelial TGF-β signalling drives vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Nature Metabolism 2019, 1: 912-926. PMID: 31572976, PMCID: PMC6767930, DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0102-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTGF-β signalingVascular inflammationDisease progressionPlaque growthProgressive vascular diseaseVessel wall inflammationChronic inflammatory responseSpecific therapeutic interventionsAtherosclerotic plaque growthHyperlipidemic micePlaque inflammationWall inflammationProinflammatory effectsVascular diseaseInflammatory responseVascular permeabilityAtherosclerotic plaquesAbnormal shear stressTherapeutic interventionsInflammationEndothelial TGFΒ signalingVessel wallAtherosclerosisLipid retentionCaveolin-1 Regulates Atherogenesis by Attenuating Low-Density Lipoprotein Transcytosis and Vascular Inflammation Independently of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation
Ramírez CM, Zhang X, Bandyopadhyay C, Rotllan N, Sugiyama MG, Aryal B, Liu X, He S, Kraehling JR, Ulrich V, Lin CS, Velazquez H, Lasunción MA, Li G, Suárez Y, Tellides G, Swirski FK, Lee WL, Schwartz MA, Sessa WC, Fernández-Hernando C. Caveolin-1 Regulates Atherogenesis by Attenuating Low-Density Lipoprotein Transcytosis and Vascular Inflammation Independently of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation. Circulation 2019, 140: 225-239. PMID: 31154825, PMCID: PMC6778687, DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.038571.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEndothelial nitric oxide synthaseDiet-induced atherosclerosisNO productionVascular inflammationENOS activationEndothelial nitric oxide synthase activationNitric oxide synthase activationAthero-protective functionsLipid metabolic factorsEndothelial cell inflammationNitric oxide synthaseWild-type miceMice Lacking ExpressionProduction of NOExtracellular matrix remodelingInflammatory primingHyperlipidemic miceInflammatory pathwaysAortic archCell inflammationOxide synthaseMetabolic factorsMouse modelAtherosclerosisInflammationSpecific Disruption of Abca1 Targeting Largely Mimics the Effects of miR-33 Knockout on Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux and Atherosclerotic Plaque Development
Price NL, Rotllan N, Zhang X, Canfrán-Duque A, Nottoli T, Suarez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Specific Disruption of Abca1 Targeting Largely Mimics the Effects of miR-33 Knockout on Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux and Atherosclerotic Plaque Development. Circulation Research 2019, 124: 874-880. PMID: 30707082, PMCID: PMC6417928, DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314415.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMacrophage cholesterol effluxAtherosclerotic plaque formationCholesterol effluxMiR-33Proatherogenic effectsABCA1 expressionBone marrowDeficient animalsPlaque formationMiR-33-deficient miceHigh-fat diet feedingHepatic ABCA1 expressionAtherosclerotic plaque burdenFat diet feedingDevelopment of obesityNovel mouse modelAtherosclerotic plaque developmentFoam cell formationPlaque burdenDeficient miceDiet feedingMetabolic dysfunctionSpecific disruptionMouse modelKnockout mice
2018
Absence of ANGPTL4 in adipose tissue improves glucose tolerance and attenuates atherogenesis
Aryal B, Singh AK, Zhang X, Varela L, Rotllan N, Goedeke L, Chaube B, Camporez JP, Vatner DF, Horvath TL, Shulman GI, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Absence of ANGPTL4 in adipose tissue improves glucose tolerance and attenuates atherogenesis. JCI Insight 2018, 3: e97918. PMID: 29563332, PMCID: PMC5926923, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97918.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdipocytesAdipose TissueAllelesAngiopoietin-Like Protein 4AnimalsAtherosclerosisBody WeightChemokinesCytokinesDiet, High-FatDiet, WesternFatty AcidsGene Expression ProfilingGene Expression RegulationGene Knockout TechniquesGlucoseInsulinIntegrasesIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsLipid MetabolismLipoprotein LipaseLipoproteinsLiverMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMusclesObesityProprotein Convertase 9TriglyceridesConceptsAngiopoietin-like protein 4High-fat dietEctopic lipid depositionLipid depositionGlucose toleranceLipoprotein lipaseShort-term high-fat dietSevere metabolic abnormalitiesProgression of atherosclerosisMajor risk factorTriacylglycerol-rich lipoproteinsFatty acid uptakeAdipose tissue resultsProatherogenic lipoproteinsCardiometabolic diseasesMetabolic abnormalitiesKO miceRisk factorsWhole body lipidMetabolic disordersGlucose metabolismLPL activityAdipose tissueGenetic ablationRapid clearance
2017
Genetic Dissection of the Impact of miR-33a and miR-33b during the Progression of Atherosclerosis
Price NL, Rotllan N, Canfrán-Duque A, Zhang X, Pati P, Arias N, Moen J, Mayr M, Ford DA, Baldán Á, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. Genetic Dissection of the Impact of miR-33a and miR-33b during the Progression of Atherosclerosis. Cell Reports 2017, 21: 1317-1330. PMID: 29091769, PMCID: PMC5687841, DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.023.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAortaAtherosclerosisATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1Blood GlucoseCells, CulturedCholesterolCholesterol, HDLDisease ProgressionGene Regulatory NetworksMacrophages, PeritonealMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMicroRNAsMitochondrial Trifunctional Protein, beta SubunitMyocardiumReceptors, LDLConceptsPlaque burdenMiR-33MiR-33-deficient miceReduced plaque burdenProgression of atherosclerosisPro-atherogenic effectsMacrophage cholesterol effluxDecreases lipid accumulationTreatment of atherosclerosisMacrophage-specific lossMiR-33 deficiencyPromotes obesityHDL levelsInsulin resistancePlaque macrophagesProtective effectHyperlipidemic conditionsCholesterol effluxPlaque developmentLipid metabolismAtherosclerosisLipid accumulationHDL biogenesisPromising targetMacrophagesLanosterol Modulates TLR4-Mediated Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages
Araldi E, Fernández-Fuertes M, Canfrán-Duque A, Tang W, Cline GW, Madrigal-Matute J, Pober JS, Lasunción MA, Wu D, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Lanosterol Modulates TLR4-Mediated Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages. Cell Reports 2017, 19: 2743-2755. PMID: 28658622, PMCID: PMC5553565, DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.093.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsToll-like receptor 4Activator of transcriptionCholesterol biosynthetic pathwayTranscriptional repressionBiosynthetic pathwayLanosterol accumulationGene productsSterol intermediatesSignal transducerGene expressionSelective regulatorSTAT2 activationInnate immune responseType I interferonConditional disruptionCritical functionsMembrane fluidityROS productionMacrophage immunityListeria monocytogenes infectionResistance of miceMouse macrophagesInnate immunityI interferonCYP51A1
2016
ANGPTL4 deficiency in haematopoietic cells promotes monocyte expansion and atherosclerosis progression
Aryal B, Rotllan N, Araldi E, Ramírez CM, He S, Chousterman BG, Fenn AM, Wanschel A, Madrigal-Matute J, Warrier N, Martín-Ventura JL, Swirski FK, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. ANGPTL4 deficiency in haematopoietic cells promotes monocyte expansion and atherosclerosis progression. Nature Communications 2016, 7: 12313. PMID: 27460411, PMCID: PMC4974469, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12313.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAngiopoietin-Like Protein 4AnimalsApoptosisAtherosclerosisBone Marrow TransplantationCell ProliferationCell SurvivalDisease ProgressionFoam CellsHematopoietic Stem CellsHumansInflammationLeukocytosisMacrophagesMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLModels, BiologicalMonocytesMyeloid Progenitor CellsPlaque, AtheroscleroticConceptsFoam cell formationMyeloid progenitor cell expansionANGPTL4 deficiencyCell formationMacrophage gene expressionLipid raft contentMyeloid progenitor populationsProgenitor cell expansionUpregulated genesProgenitor populationsGene expressionHaematopoietic cellsCell surfaceMacrophage apoptosisCell expansionCells resultsProtein 4Lipid accumulationCD36 expressionLike protein 4ExpressionProfound effectMacrophagesGenesLarger atherosclerotic plaquesAge‐associated vascular inflammation promotes monocytosis during atherogenesis
Du W, Wong C, Song Y, Shen H, Mori D, Rotllan N, Price N, Dobrian AD, Meng H, Kleinstein SH, Fernandez‐Hernando C, Goldstein DR. Age‐associated vascular inflammation promotes monocytosis during atherogenesis. Aging Cell 2016, 15: 766-777. PMID: 27135421, PMCID: PMC4933655, DOI: 10.1111/acel.12488.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgingAnimalsAortaAtherosclerosisBlood VesselsCell CountChemotaxisCulture Media, ConditionedDiet, High-FatDown-RegulationHematopoiesisHemodynamicsInflammationInflammation MediatorsInsulin ResistanceInterleukin-6LeukocytosisMacrophagesMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMonocytesOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisReceptors, LDLStromal CellsUp-RegulationConceptsHigh-fat dietVascular inflammationMacrophage accumulationAtherosclerotic aortaBone marrow transplant experimentsStromal factorsElevated blood pressureVascular smooth muscle cellsLow-fat dietSmooth muscle cellsBlood pressurePeripheral monocytosisProinflammatory stateInflammatory stateLDL levelsIL-6Insulin resistancePeripheral bloodEnhanced atherogenesisInflammatory responseMetabolic dysfunctionYoung aortasMurine modelProduction of osteopontinCCL-2
2015
MicroRNA-148a regulates LDL receptor and ABCA1 expression to control circulating lipoprotein levels
Goedeke L, Rotllan N, Canfrán-Duque A, Aranda JF, Ramírez CM, Araldi E, Lin CS, Anderson NN, Wagschal A, de Cabo R, Horton JD, Lasunción MA, Näär AM, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. MicroRNA-148a regulates LDL receptor and ABCA1 expression to control circulating lipoprotein levels. Nature Medicine 2015, 21: 1280-1289. PMID: 26437365, PMCID: PMC4711995, DOI: 10.1038/nm.3949.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1Cholesterol, HDLCholesterol, LDLGene Expression RegulationHep G2 CellsHepatocytesHigh-Throughput Screening AssaysHumansLiverMiceMicroRNAsReceptors, LDLRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalSignal TransductionSterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1
2014
Hematopoietic Akt2 deficiency attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis
Rodlan N, Chamorro‐Jorganes A, Araldi E, Wanschel AC, Aryal B, Aranda JF, Goedeke L, Salerno AG, Ramírez CM, Sessa WC, Suárez Y, Fernández‐Hernando C. Hematopoietic Akt2 deficiency attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis. The FASEB Journal 2014, 29: 597-610. PMID: 25392271, PMCID: PMC4314230, DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262097.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAtherosclerosisBlood GlucoseBone Marrow CellsBone Marrow TransplantationCell MovementCholesterolCytokinesDisease ProgressionInflammationInsulinLeukocytesLipidsLipoproteins, LDLMacrophagesMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMicroscopy, ConfocalMicroscopy, FluorescencePlaque, AtheroscleroticProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktReceptors, LDLConceptsProgression of atherosclerosisSerine-threonine protein kinaseBone marrow cellsAkt2-deficient miceInsulin-responsive tissuesWild-type bone marrow cellsProtein kinaseMarrow cellsAkt2 deficiencyAkt2Higher plasma lipidsWild-type miceMice resultsProatherogenic cytokinesObese subjectsPlasma lipidsProinflammatory cytokinesInsulin resistanceInflammatory responseGlucose levelsAtherosclerotic plaquesCholesterol metabolismAtherosclerosisMacrophage migrationMarked reduction