Featured Publications
Association of Polygenic Risk Scores for Multiple Cancers in a Phenome-wide Study: Results from The Michigan Genomics Initiative
Fritsche L, Gruber S, Wu Z, Schmidt E, Zawistowski M, Moser S, Blanc V, Brummett C, Kheterpal S, Abecasis G, Mukherjee B. Association of Polygenic Risk Scores for Multiple Cancers in a Phenome-wide Study: Results from The Michigan Genomics Initiative. American Journal Of Human Genetics 2018, 102: 1048-1061. PMID: 29779563, PMCID: PMC5992124, DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.04.001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPolygenic risk scoresElectronic health recordsAssociations of polygenic risk scoresPhenome-wide significant associationsPolygenic risk score associationsLongitudinal biorepository effortNon-cancer diagnosesPatients' electronic health recordsPhenome-wide association studyAnalysis of temporal orderMichigan Genomics InitiativeRisk scoreAssociated with multiple phenotypesFemale breast cancerNHGRI-EBI CatalogRisk profileGenetic risk profilesMeasures of genomic variationCancer traitsCase-control studyPheWAS analysisHealth recordsHealth systemMichigan MedicineCancer diagnosis
2024
Multiple metal exposures associate with higher amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk and mortality independent of genetic risk and correlate to self-reported exposures: a case-control study
Jang D, Dou J, Koubek E, Teener S, Zhou L, Bakulski K, Mukherjee B, Batterman S, Feldman E, Goutman S. Multiple metal exposures associate with higher amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk and mortality independent of genetic risk and correlate to self-reported exposures: a case-control study. Journal Of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2024, jnnp-2024-333978. PMID: 39107037, DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2024-333978.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis riskEnvironmental risk scoreAssociated with ALS riskALS riskGenetic riskRisk scorePolygenic risk scoresSelf-reported exposureGenome-wide association studiesStudy investigated associationsCase-control studySingle-nucleotide polymorphismsAssociation studiesExposure mixturesControl participantsExposure sourcesRiskParticipantsAmyotrophic lateral sclerosisSurvival modelsScoresAssociationEnvironmental factorsUrine metalsUrine samplesResidential exposure associations with ALS risk, survival, and phenotype: a Michigan-based case-control study
Goutman S, Boss J, Jang D, Piecuch C, Farid H, Batra M, Mukherjee B, Feldman E, Batterman S. Residential exposure associations with ALS risk, survival, and phenotype: a Michigan-based case-control study. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis And Frontotemporal Degeneration 2024, 25: 543-553. PMID: 38557405, PMCID: PMC11269018, DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2024.2336110.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis riskAssociated with ALS riskALS riskCase-only analysisResidential settingsControl participantsCox proportional hazards modelsLogistic regression modelsCase-control studyMultinomial logistic regressionMultiple testing correctionProportional hazards modelLatent profile analysisResidential exposureExposure variablesPolytomous outcomesExposure associationsDecrease disease burdenALS susceptibilityLogistic regressionDisease burdenTesting correctionHazards modelRisk factorsRegression modelsAvocational exposure associations with ALS risk, survival, and phenotype: A Michigan-based case-control study
Goutman S, Boss J, Jang D, Piecuch C, Farid H, Batra M, Mukherjee B, Feldman E, Batterman S. Avocational exposure associations with ALS risk, survival, and phenotype: A Michigan-based case-control study. Journal Of The Neurological Sciences 2024, 457: 122899. PMID: 38278093, PMCID: PMC11060628, DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.122899.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsALS riskLower educational attainmentAssociated with ALS riskCase-control studyExercise 5Onset ageSelf-completionExposure variablesYard workExposure associationsRecreational danceIdentified exposureExerciseEducational attainmentAL burdenEnvironmental exposuresParticipantsAL factorPersonal participationAvocational exposureRiskExposomeHobbiesALS onsetComparison correction
2023
Prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in relation to preterm birth subtypes and size-for-gestational age in the LIFECODES cohort 2006–2008
Siwakoti R, Cathey A, Ferguson K, Hao W, Cantonwine D, Mukherjee B, McElrath T, Meeker J. Prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in relation to preterm birth subtypes and size-for-gestational age in the LIFECODES cohort 2006–2008. Environmental Research 2023, 237: 116967. PMID: 37634691, PMCID: PMC10913455, DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116967.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLarge-for-gestational agePreterm birth subtypesBayesian kernel machine regressionSize-for-gestational ageSmall-for-gestational agePreterm birthFetal sexPregnancy outcomesSex-specific estimatesIncreased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomesInterquartile range increaseRisk of adverse pregnancy outcomesBayesian kernel machine regression analysisEarly pregnancy samplesAdverse pregnancy outcomesCase-control studyPrenatal PFAS exposureAssociations of polyfluoroalkyl substancesBW z-scoreEffects of polyfluoroalkyl substancesKernel machine regressionEffect modificationEffects of prenatal exposureRange increaseStratified analysisA framework for assessing interactions for risk stratification models: the example of ovarian cancer
Phung M, Lee A, McLean K, Anton-Culver H, Bandera E, Carney M, Chang-Claude J, Cramer D, Doherty J, Fortner R, Goodman M, Harris H, Jensen A, Modugno F, Moysich K, Pharoah P, Qin B, Terry K, Titus L, Webb P, Wu A, Zeinomar N, Ziogas A, Berchuck A, Cho K, Hanley G, Meza R, Mukherjee B, Pike M, Pearce C, Trabert B. A framework for assessing interactions for risk stratification models: the example of ovarian cancer. Journal Of The National Cancer Institute 2023, 115: 1420-1426. PMID: 37436712, PMCID: PMC10637032, DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad137.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFamily history of ovarian cancerOvarian Cancer Association ConsortiumHistory of ovarian cancerFirst-degree family historyMenopausal statusRisk stratification modelCase-control studyRisk prediction modelOvarian cancerDisease riskAccurate risk stratification modelsStratification modelRisk/protective factorsDepot medroxyprogesterone acetate useProtective factorsFactor analysisRiskComprehensive analysis of interactionsCancerAcetate useUnequivocal riskStatusBreastfeedingAnalysis of interactionsPairwise interactions
2022
Associations of self-reported occupational exposures and settings to ALS: a case–control study
Goutman S, Boss J, Godwin C, Mukherjee B, Feldman E, Batterman S. Associations of self-reported occupational exposures and settings to ALS: a case–control study. International Archives Of Occupational And Environmental Health 2022, 95: 1567-1586. PMID: 35593931, PMCID: PMC9424174, DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01874-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsStandard Occupational ClassificationStandard Occupational Classification codesExposure to particulate matterProductive occupationsALS riskSelf-reported occupational exposureHigher risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisOccupational exposureHigher ALS riskRisk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisRisk factor modificationOccupational exposure to particulate matterExposure surveyIncreased ALS riskCase-control studyMaintenance occupationsGrounds cleaningFactor modificationExposure scoreTargeted screeningAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis diagnosisRepair occupationsAdaptive elastic net modelOccupational classificationProgressive neurological disease
2021
Endometriosis and menopausal hormone therapy impact the hysterectomy-ovarian cancer association
Khoja L, Weber RP, Group T, Webb PM, Jordan SJ, Muthukumar A, Chang-Claude J, Fortner RT, Jensen A, Kjaer SK, Risch H, Doherty JA, Harris HR, Goodman MT, Modugno F, Moysich K, Berchuck A, Schildkraut JM, Cramer D, Terry KL, Anton-Culver H, Ziogas A, Phung MT, Hanley GE, Wu AH, Mukherjee B, McLean K, Cho K, Pike MC, Pearce CL, Lee AW. Endometriosis and menopausal hormone therapy impact the hysterectomy-ovarian cancer association. Gynecologic Oncology 2021, 164: 195-201. PMID: 34776242, PMCID: PMC9444325, DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.10.088.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHistory of endometriosisOvarian cancer riskEPT useOvarian Cancer Association ConsortiumOvarian cancerInverse associationOdds ratioCancer riskCancer associationInvasive epithelial ovarian cancerHormone therapy useMenopausal hormone therapyEpithelial ovarian cancerCase-control studyConfidence intervalsSlight inverse associationWarrants further investigationHormone therapyTherapy usePooled analysisEndometriosisHysterectomyCancerTherapySelf-reported data
2020
Expanding Our Understanding of Ovarian Cancer Risk: The Role of Incomplete Pregnancies
Lee AW, Rosenzweig S, Wiensch A, Group T, Ramus SJ, Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H, Whittemore AS, Sieh W, Rothstein JH, McGuire V, Wentzensen N, Bandera EV, Qin B, Terry KL, Cramer DW, Titus L, Schildkraut JM, Berchuck A, Goode EL, Kjaer SK, Jensen A, Jordan SJ, Ness RB, Modugno F, Moysich K, Thompson PJ, Goodman MT, Carney ME, Chang-Claude J, Rossing MA, Harris HR, Doherty JA, Risch HA, Khoja L, Alimujiang A, Phung MT, Brieger K, Mukherjee B, Pharoah PDP, Wu AH, Pike MC, Webb PM, Pearce CL. Expanding Our Understanding of Ovarian Cancer Risk: The Role of Incomplete Pregnancies. Journal Of The National Cancer Institute 2020, 113: 301-308. PMID: 32766851, PMCID: PMC7936053, DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa099.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOvarian cancer riskInvasive epithelial ovarian cancerClear cell ovarian cancerIncomplete pregnanciesEpithelial ovarian cancerOvarian cancerOvarian Cancer Association ConsortiumCancer riskOdds ratioInvasive epithelial ovarian cancer casesEpithelial ovarian cancer casesHistotype-specific analysesHistotype-specific associationsOral contraceptive useInvasive ovarian cancerHistory of breastfeedingConfidence intervalsOvarian cancer casesCase-control studyOCAC studiesMajor histotypesPooled analysisInverse associationCancer casesComplete pregnancyEstrogen Plus Progestin Hormone Therapy and Ovarian Cancer: A Complicated Relationship Explored.
Lee A, Wu A, Wiensch A, Mukherjee B, Terry K, Harris H, Carney M, Jensen A, Cramer D, Berchuck A, Doherty J, Modugno F, Goodman M, Alimujiang A, Rossing M, Cushing-Haugen K, Bandera E, Thompson P, Kjaer S, Hogdall E, Webb P, Huntsman D, Moysich K, Lurie G, Ness R, Stram D, Roman L, Pike M, Pearce C. Estrogen Plus Progestin Hormone Therapy and Ovarian Cancer: A Complicated Relationship Explored. Epidemiology 2020, 31: 402-408. PMID: 32028322, PMCID: PMC7584395, DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001175.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk of ovarian cancerEstrogen-progestin combined therapyEstrogen-alone therapyAssociated with increased riskOvarian cancerCombination therapyRisk of ovarian cancer overallAssociated with increased risk of ovarian cancerOvarian cancer risk factorsPopulation-based case-control studyOvarian Cancer Association ConsortiumMenopausal hormone therapy useIncreased risk of endometrial cancerOvarian cancer overallRisk of endometrial cancerCancer risk factorsHistotypes of ovarian cancerRisk factorsProgestin hormone therapyMucinous ovarian cancerOvarian cancer casesIn-person interviewsHormone therapy useOvarian cancer histotypesCase-control study
2019
A comprehensive gene–environment interaction analysis in Ovarian Cancer using genome‐wide significant common variants
Kim S, Wang M, Tyrer J, Jensen A, Wiensch A, Liu G, Lee A, Ness R, Salvatore M, Tworoger S, Whittemore A, Anton‐Culver H, Sieh W, Olson S, Berchuck A, Goode E, Goodman M, Doherty J, Chenevix‐Trench G, Rossing M, Webb P, Giles G, Terry K, Ziogas A, Fortner R, Menon U, Gayther S, Wu A, Song H, Brooks‐Wilson A, Bandera E, Cook L, Cramer D, Milne R, Winham S, Kjaer S, Modugno F, Thompson P, Chang‐Claude J, Harris H, Schildkraut J, Le N, Wentzensen N, Trabert B, Høgdall E, Huntsman D, Pike M, Pharoah P, Pearce C, Mukherjee B. A comprehensive gene–environment interaction analysis in Ovarian Cancer using genome‐wide significant common variants. International Journal Of Cancer 2019, 144: 2192-2205. PMID: 30499236, PMCID: PMC6399057, DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32029.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOral contraceptive pill useExcess risk due to additive interactionOvarian cancer risk factorsOral contraceptive pillsGene-environment interaction analysisCancer risk factorsGene-environment analysisOvarian cancer casesOCP useCase-control studyGenome-wide association analysisAdditive scaleCancer casesOvarian cancerOdds ratioCommon variantsDuration of OCP useRisk allelesRisk factorsGenetic variantsAdditive interactionAssociation analysisWomenFollow-upC allele
2018
Associations between maternal plasma measurements of inflammatory markers and urinary levels of phenols and parabens during pregnancy: A repeated measures study
Aung M, Ferguson K, Cantonwine D, Bakulski K, Mukherjee B, Loch-Caruso R, McElrath T, Meeker J. Associations between maternal plasma measurements of inflammatory markers and urinary levels of phenols and parabens during pregnancy: A repeated measures study. The Science Of The Total Environment 2018, 650: 1131-1140. PMID: 30308801, PMCID: PMC6236678, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.356.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPlasma inflammatory markersInflammatory markersC-reactive proteinInterquartile range increaseFetal developmentImmunological biomarkersRange increaseTumor necrosis factor-aCase-control studyProspective birth cohortImmune system regulationHealthy pregnancyUrinary phenolSystemic inflammationImmunological mechanismsInterleukin-10Urinary levelsInterleukin-1bPregnancyStudy visitsMultivariate linear mixed modelReproductive outcomesMeasures of exposureInverse probability weightingUrine samples
2017
Subclinical Changes in Maternal Thyroid Function Parameters in Pregnancy and Fetal Growth
Johns L, Ferguson K, Cantonwine D, Mukherjee B, Meeker J, McElrath T. Subclinical Changes in Maternal Thyroid Function Parameters in Pregnancy and Fetal Growth. The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2017, 103: 1349-1358. PMID: 29293986, PMCID: PMC6018657, DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01698.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAsymptomatic DiseasesBirth WeightCase-Control StudiesFemaleFetal DevelopmentHumansInfant, NewbornPregnancyPregnancy ComplicationsPremature BirthProspective StudiesSocioeconomic FactorsThyroid DiseasesThyroid Function TestsThyroid GlandThyroid HormonesThyroxineUltrasonography, PrenatalYoung AdultConceptsBirth weight z-scoreOvert thyroid diseaseThyroid function parametersWeight z-scoreFetal growthThyroid diseaseInverse associationPregnant womenMeasurements of estimated fetal weightSubclinical changesIndices of fetal growthCase-control study of preterm birthStudy of preterm birthZ-scoreAbnormal fetal growthMaternal thyroid functionWeeks of gestationInfluence fetal growthZ-score decreaseThyroid-stimulating hormoneProspective birth cohortCase-control studyFunction parametersFetal weightPreterm birthOpportunities and Challenges for Environmental Exposure Assessment in Population-Based Studies
Patel C, Kerr J, Thomas D, Mukherjee B, Ritz B, Chatterjee N, Jankowska M, Madan J, Karagas M, McAllister K, Mechanic L, Fallin M, Ladd-Acosta C, Blair I, Teitelbaum S, Amos C. Opportunities and Challenges for Environmental Exposure Assessment in Population-Based Studies. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 2017, 26: 1370-1380. PMID: 28710076, PMCID: PMC5581729, DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0459.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFollow-up of study participantsInfluence cancer riskExposure and behaviourPopulation-based studyExposure assessmentCase-control studyPhysical activityCancer riskCorrelated exposuresStudy participantsEpidemiological studiesGenetic susceptibilityEnvironmental exposure assessmentFollow-upData collectionMultidimensional indicatorsCancer developmentEvaluated 1Indicators of exposureComplex effects of environmental factorsEpidemiological investigationsOccupational exposure assessmentAssessmentEnvironmental factorsDisease developmentMeta‐analysis of gene‐environment interaction exploiting gene‐environment independence across multiple case‐control studies
Estes J, Rice J, Li S, Stringham H, Boehnke M, Mukherjee B. Meta‐analysis of gene‐environment interaction exploiting gene‐environment independence across multiple case‐control studies. Statistics In Medicine 2017, 36: 3895-3909. PMID: 28744888, PMCID: PMC5624850, DOI: 10.1002/sim.7398.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAge FactorsAlpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTOBayes TheoremBiasBiometryBody Mass IndexCase-Control StudiesComputer SimulationDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Gene-Environment InteractionHumansLogistic ModelsMeta-Analysis as TopicModels, GeneticModels, StatisticalPolymorphism, Single NucleotideRetrospective StudiesConceptsGene-environment independenceGene-environmentEmpirical Bayes estimatorsGene-environment interactionsCase-control studyMeta-analysis settingBayes estimatorsRetrospective likelihood frameworkShrinkage estimatorsMeta-analysisTesting gene-environment interactionsCombination of estimatesFactors body mass indexSimulation studyBody mass indexUnconstrained modelLikelihood frameworkInverse varianceMeta-analysis frameworkFTO geneMass indexGenetic markersEstimationStandard alternativeChatterjeeThyroid hormone parameters during pregnancy in relation to urinary bisphenol A concentrations: A repeated measures study
Aung M, Johns L, Ferguson K, Mukherjee B, McElrath T, Meeker J. Thyroid hormone parameters during pregnancy in relation to urinary bisphenol A concentrations: A repeated measures study. Environment International 2017, 104: 33-40. PMID: 28410473, PMCID: PMC5497503, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsThyroid hormone parametersHormonal parametersStudy visitsCases of preterm birthInterquartile rangeSupply of thyroid hormonesNormal birth outcomesUrinary bisphenol A concentrationsNested case-control studyThyrotropin (TSHContext of pregnancyUrinary BPA concentrationsUrinary bisphenol ACase-control studyIn vitro studiesPreterm birthTSH levelsMultivariate linear regression modelPregnant womenFetal developmentFree T4Visit 3Measures analysisBirth outcomesPregnancy
2016
A splicing variant of TERT identified by GWAS interacts with menopausal estrogen therapy in risk of ovarian cancer
Lee A, Bomkamp A, Bandera E, Jensen A, Ramus S, Goodman M, Rossing M, Modugno F, Moysich K, Chang‐Claude J, Rudolph A, Gentry‐Maharaj A, Terry K, Gayther S, Cramer D, Doherty J, Schildkraut J, Kjaer S, Ness R, Menon U, Berchuck A, Mukherjee B, Roman L, Pharoah P, Chenevix‐Trench G, Olson S, Hogdall E, Wu A, Pike M, Stram D, Pearce C, Consortium F. A splicing variant of TERT identified by GWAS interacts with menopausal estrogen therapy in risk of ovarian cancer. International Journal Of Cancer 2016, 139: 2646-2654. PMID: 27420401, PMCID: PMC5500237, DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30274.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAge FactorsAgedAged, 80 and overAllelesAlternative SplicingCase-Control StudiesDisease SusceptibilityEstrogen Replacement TherapyFemaleGene-Environment InteractionGenome-Wide Association StudyGenotypeHumansMenopauseMiddle AgedOdds RatioOvarian NeoplasmsPolymorphism, Single NucleotidePopulation SurveillanceRiskTelomeraseConceptsOvarian Cancer Association ConsortiumEstrogen-alone therapyOvarian cancer riskEndometrioid ovarian cancerOvarian cancerET usersET useT alleleAssociated with ovarian cancer riskCancer riskLong-term ET usersOvarian cancer susceptibility lociRisk of ovarian cancerSusceptibility variantsMenopausal estrogen therapyCancer susceptibility lociSerous ovarian cancerSplice variantsNon-usersCase-control studyConditional logistic regressionGenome-wide association studiesIncreased risk of diseaseEndometrioid histotypeEstrogen therapyAssociation of Environmental Toxins With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Su F, Goutman S, Chernyak S, Mukherjee B, Callaghan B, Batterman S, Feldman E. Association of Environmental Toxins With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. JAMA Neurology 2016, 73: 803-11. PMID: 27159543, PMCID: PMC5032145, DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0594.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedAmyotrophic Lateral SclerosisCase-Control StudiesEnvironmental ExposureEnvironmental PollutantsFemaleGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryHumansMaleMichiganMiddle AgedMultivariate AnalysisOccupational ExposureOdds RatioOutcome Assessment, Health CareRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsSurveys and QuestionnairesConceptsBrominated flame retardantsPersistent environmental pollutantsResidential exposureOrganochlorine pesticidesPolychlorinated biphenylsOdds of ALSAssociation of occupational exposureDisease risk factorsExposure time windowsEnvironmental pollutionRisk factorsModifiable risk factorsMultivariate modelOccupational exposureLogistic regression modelsCase-control studySurvey dataFamily history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisExposure windowsIncreased oddsFamily historyAssociated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosisHistory of amyotrophic lateral sclerosisRegression modelsMilitary serviceUrinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Phthalate Metabolites Measured during Pregnancy and Risk of Preeclampsia
Cantonwine D, Meeker J, Ferguson K, Mukherjee B, Hauser R, McElrath T. Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A and Phthalate Metabolites Measured during Pregnancy and Risk of Preeclampsia. Environmental Health Perspectives 2016, 124: 1651-1655. PMID: 27177253, PMCID: PMC5047771, DOI: 10.1289/ehp188.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchRisk of preeclampsiaUrinary concentrations of BPAUrinary concentrations of bisphenol APhthalate metabolitesUrinary concentrationsAssociated with increased risk of preeclampsiaHazard ratioCases of preeclampsiaNested case-control studyDevelopment of preeclampsiaProspective birth cohort studyAssociated with increased riskPhthalate metabolite concentrationsCox proportional hazards modelsAdjusted Cox proportional hazards modelsCase-control studyAdjusted hazard ratiosCalculate hazard ratiosProportional hazards modelBirth cohort studyWeeks gestationPreterm birthAssociated with onsetPreeclampsiaUrinary BPA
2015
Urinary Bisphenol A Levels during Pregnancy and Risk of Preterm Birth
Cantonwine D, Ferguson K, Mukherjee B, McElrath T, Meeker J. Urinary Bisphenol A Levels during Pregnancy and Risk of Preterm Birth. Environmental Health Perspectives 2015, 123: 895-901. PMID: 25815860, PMCID: PMC4559950, DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408126.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk of preterm birthPreterm birthBisphenol A exposurePreterm premature rupture of membranesClinical classificationClassification of preterm birthSubcategories of preterm birthPremature rupture of membranesBisphenol A levelsCases of preterm birthAssociated with preterm birthSpontaneous preterm laborPreterm premature ruptureRupture of membranesSpontaneous preterm birthIntrauterine growth restrictionNested case-control studyProspective birth cohort studyUrinary bisphenol ACase-control studyAssociated with increased oddsA levelsTertiary teaching hospitalBirth cohort studyDelivered preterm