2009
Measuring Evolutionary Constraints Through the Dimensionality of the Phenotype: Adjusted Bootstrap Method to Estimate Rank of Phenotypic Covariance Matrices
Pavlicev M, Wagner G, Cheverud J. Measuring Evolutionary Constraints Through the Dimensionality of the Phenotype: Adjusted Bootstrap Method to Estimate Rank of Phenotypic Covariance Matrices. Evolutionary Biology 2009, 36: 339-353. DOI: 10.1007/s11692-009-9066-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchEvolutionary constraintsCovariance matrixPhenotypic covariance matrixGenetic covariance matrixPhenotypic evolutionBootstrap methodPhenotypic variationGenetic variationPhenotype spaceLack of variationSelection responseFull rankMatrix rankRank estimatesNumber of variablesPhenotypeVariational dimensionsDimensionalityPhenotypicTraitsConstraintsMatrixVariationRankSample size
1988
The influence of variation and of developmental constraints on the rate of multivariate phenotypic evolution
Wagner G. The influence of variation and of developmental constraints on the rate of multivariate phenotypic evolution. Journal Of Evolutionary Biology 1988, 1: 45-66. DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1988.1010045.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchRate of evolutionMultivariate phenotypic evolutionPhenotypic evolutionAdaptive landscapePhenotypic variationDevelopmental constraintsAdaptive phenotypic evolutionHeritable phenotypic variationPhenotypic varianceInterdependent characterNumber of charactersPossible roleLandscapeEvolutionOrganismic systemsMaximal rateVariationFunctionFitness functionCharacter