Adjunct Faculty
Adjunct faculty typically have an academic or research appointment at another institution and contribute or collaborate with one or more School of Medicine faculty members or programs.
Adjunct rank detailsGretchen Diefenbach, PhD
About
Research
Publications
2026
Brain age prediction in generalized anxiety disorder using a convolutional neural network
Richier C, Zugman A, Harrewijn A, Cardinale E, Khosravi P, Aghajani M, Bruin W, Hilbert K, Cardoner N, Porta-Casteràs D, Cano M, Gosnell S, Salas R, Jackowski A, Pan P, Salum G, Blair K, Blair J, Milad M, Burkhouse K, Phan K, Schroeder H, Strawn J, Beesdo-Baum K, Jahanshad N, Thomopoulos S, Nielsen J, Smoller J, Soares J, Mwangi B, Wu M, Zunta-Soares G, Assaf M, Diefenbach G, Brambilla P, Maggioni E, Hofmann D, Straube T, Andreescu C, Price R, Manfro G, Agosta F, Canu E, Cividini C, Filippi M, Kostić M, Munjiza Jovanovic A, Benson B, Freitag G, Leibenluft E, Ringlein G, Werwath K, Zwiebel H, Grabe H, Van der Auwera S, Wittfeld K, Völzke H, Bülow R, Balderston N, Ernst M, Mujica-Parodi L, van Nieuwenhuizen H, Critchley H, Makovac E, Mancini M, Meeten F, Ottaviani C, Fonzo G, Paulus M, Stein M, Gur R, Gur R, Kaczkurkin A, Larsen B, Satterthwaite T, Harper J, Perino M, Sylvester C, Yu Q, McClure P, Pereira F, Lueken U, Veltman D, Thompson P, Groenewold N, Bas-Hoogendam J, Stein D, Van der Wee N, Winkler A, Pine D, Sawyers C. Brain age prediction in generalized anxiety disorder using a convolutional neural network. Translational Psychiatry 2026 PMID: 42177199, DOI: 10.1038/s41398-026-04078-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGeneralized anxiety disorderPredicting age differencesBrain agingAnxiety disordersAge differencesAssociated with several psychiatric disordersHealthy controlsBrain-predicted age differenceBrain age differenceBrain age prediction modelSevere psychiatric disordersBrain aging researchBrain age predictionComorbid diagnosesPsychiatric disordersGroup differencesStructural MRIExploratory analysisAge prediction modelBrainDisordersChronological ageInput modalitiesAging ResearchIndividuals444. Social-Emotional Regulation During a Naturalistic fMRI Task in Non-Autistic and Autistic Adults
Hyatt C, Diefenbach G, Mazefsky C, Dichter G, Wexler B, Pittman B, Pearlson G, Assaf M. 444. Social-Emotional Regulation During a Naturalistic fMRI Task in Non-Autistic and Autistic Adults. Biological Psychiatry 2026, 99: s290. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.678.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchA Qualitative Study of Behavioural Health Experiences Reported by Transgender and Gender Diverse People During Inpatient Treatment
Black S, Stubbing J, Collett S, Saunders L, Tolin D, Diefenbach G. A Qualitative Study of Behavioural Health Experiences Reported by Transgender and Gender Diverse People During Inpatient Treatment. International Journal Of Mental Health Nursing 2026, 35: e70229. PMID: 41603386, DOI: 10.1111/inm.70229.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchThis study investigates the behavioral health experiences of transgender and gender-diverse adults in psychiatric inpatient care, highlighting barriers, gender-affirming practices, and areas for improving care quality.Does Social Connection Mediate the Relationship Between Gender Minority Stress and Suicidal Ideation? An Investigation With Inpatient Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults
Diefenbach G, Lord K, Stubbing J, Black S, Saunders L, Tolin D. Does Social Connection Mediate the Relationship Between Gender Minority Stress and Suicidal Ideation? An Investigation With Inpatient Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults. Psychological Services 2026 PMID: 41556900, DOI: 10.1037/ser0001020.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGender minority stressPerceived BurdensomenessSuicidal ideationMinority stressCommunity connectednessAssociated with suicidal ideationProximal minority stressTGD adultsPotential treatment mechanismsGender diverse adultsNonclinical sampleLack of social connectionSocial connectionsStructural equation modelingResilience factorsDiverse adultsBelongingnessTGD individualsTreatment mechanismsIdeationEquation modelingAdultsNegative impactConnectednessTransgenderAcute effects of inpatient brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention on non-suicidal self-injury: Exploring the association with improved distress tolerance
Diefenbach G, Hord C, Rudd M, Tolin D. Acute effects of inpatient brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention on non-suicidal self-injury: Exploring the association with improved distress tolerance. Journal Of Affective Disorders 2026, 400: 121182. PMID: 41529735, DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2026.121182.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchThis study investigates how adding brief cognitive-behavioral therapy to usual inpatient care reduces self-harm during hospitalization and improves patients' ability to tolerate distress.
2025
Clinical utility of the brief suicide cognitions scale with high-risk inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department clinical samples
Rudd M, Diefenbach G, Tolin D, Pérez-Muñoz A, Flowers T, Tuna B, Gleason V, Tempchin J, Bryan C. Clinical utility of the brief suicide cognitions scale with high-risk inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department clinical samples. Journal Of Psychiatric Research 2025, 191: 155-161. PMID: 41016213, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.09.034.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSuicide Cognitions ScaleSuicide riskCognitive scalesB-SCSDegree of suicide riskSuicidal ideation scoresSuicidal ideation groupClinical samplesRandomized clinical trialsAcute episodeClinical utilityIdeation scoresIdeation groupNormative sampleSuicide attemptsCut scoresCutoff scoreED sampleSuicideStudy limitationsIntake scoresEmergency departmentScoresPost-discharge follow-upClinical contextBrain-wide connectivity changes due to social–emotional regulation during a naturalistic fMRI task
Hyatt C, Wexler B, Diefenbach G, Dichter G, Mazefsky C, Uscatescu L, Wolf J, Sahl R, Pittman B, Pearlson G, Assaf M. Brain-wide connectivity changes due to social–emotional regulation during a naturalistic fMRI task. Cerebral Cortex 2025, 35: bhaf118. PMID: 40401354, PMCID: PMC12096004, DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaf118.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPosterior cingulate cortexEmotion regulationFC differencesFunctional connectivityEmotion typeLeft temporoparietal junctionSocial emotion regulationLeft supramarginal gyrusMedial posterior regionsMultivariate pattern analysisSignificant FC differencesFMRI taskPrefrontal involvementER strategiesNegative stimuliReappraisal strategiesCingulate cortexNeutral storyTemporoparietal junctionSupramarginal gyrusFunctional neuroimagingNeural substratesFunctional MRISignificant emotionsSocial interactionGender Minority Stress Themes and Suicide Prevention for Adult Transgender Inpatients: A Content Analysis of Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Stubbing J, Everhardt K, Rice T, Saunders L, Tolin D, Rudd M, Diefenbach G. Gender Minority Stress Themes and Suicide Prevention for Adult Transgender Inpatients: A Content Analysis of Brief Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Psychology Of Sexual Orientation And Gender Diversity 2025 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000830.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchSuicide prevention treatmentsMinority stressBrief cognitive-behavioral therapyCognitive-behavioral therapyElevated suicide riskGender minority stressTransgender participantsCase formulationSuicide riskNegative eventsTransgender clientsSources of resilienceSuicide preventionEvidence-based modelTrained cliniciansStress themesSuicideTreatment sessionsPreventive treatmentTransgender peopleTransgender individualsExternal eventsGender dysphoriaTransgenderContent analysisPredictive Validity and Treatment Sensitivity of the Death-Implicit Association Test (D-IAT) During Inpatient Treatment and Across a 6-Month Follow-Up Period
Levy H, Lord K, Rice T, Sain K, Stubbing J, Diefenbach G, Tolin D. Predictive Validity and Treatment Sensitivity of the Death-Implicit Association Test (D-IAT) During Inpatient Treatment and Across a 6-Month Follow-Up Period. Cognitive Therapy And Research 2025, 49: 702-711. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-024-10564-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDeath Implicit Association TestSuicidal thoughtsInpatient treatmentFrequency of suicidal behaviorAssociation TestCognitive-behavioral therapyHigh risk of suicidePsychiatric inpatient unitTreatment sensitivitySample of inpatientsRisk of suicideImplicit cognitionSuicidal behaviorSuicide riskPredictive validitySuicide preventionDetect treatment effectsInpatient unitSuicideFollow-up periodPeriod post-dischargeInpatientsTreatment effectsThoughtsInpatient admissionsThe effect of inpatient brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention on post-discharge emergency department utilization: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial
Diefenbach G, Collett S, Black S, Rudd M, Gueorguieva R, Tolin D. The effect of inpatient brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for suicide prevention on post-discharge emergency department utilization: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. General Hospital Psychiatry 2025, 93: 73-79. PMID: 39837259, DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.01.007.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSubstance use disordersBrief cognitive-behavioral therapyCognitive-behavioral therapyED visitsSuicide preventionSecondary analysisEmergency departmentSuicide-related ED visitsHistory of suicide attemptsEmergency department utilizationElectronic medical record reviewPost-discharge emergency departmentMedical record reviewED utilizationPsychiatric readmissionTreatment effectsSuicide attemptsUse disorderRecord reviewSelf-ReportRandomized clinical trialsGeneralized linear modelVisitsSuicidePost-discharge ED visits