RAS/MAPK Activation Is Associated with Reduced Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Therapeutic Cooperation Between MEK and PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Loi S, Dushyanthen S, Beavis PA, Salgado R, Denkert C, Savas P, Combs S, Rimm DL, Giltnane JM, Estrada MV, Sánchez V, Sanders ME, Cook RS, Pilkinton MA, Mallal SA, Wang K, Miller VA, Stephens PJ, Yelensky R, Doimi FD, Gómez H, Ryzhov SV, Darcy PK, Arteaga CL, Balko JM. RAS/MAPK Activation Is Associated with Reduced Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Therapeutic Cooperation Between MEK and PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Clinical Cancer Research 2016, 22: 1499-1509. PMID: 26515496, PMCID: PMC4794351, DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1125.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsB7-H1 AntigenBiomarkersCell Line, TumorDisease Models, AnimalDisease ProgressionFemaleGene Expression ProfilingHumansImmunomodulationImmunophenotypingLymphocytes, Tumor-InfiltratingMiceMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesMortalityPhenotypeProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorProtein Kinase InhibitorsRas ProteinsSignal TransductionTranscriptomeTriple Negative Breast NeoplasmsConceptsTriple-negative breast cancerTumor-infiltrating lymphocytesImmune checkpoint inhibitorsResidual diseaseNeoadjuvant chemotherapyBreast cancerPD-L1Checkpoint inhibitorsMHC expressionMouse modelPD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitorsPD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitorsPresence of TILsPD-1/PD-L1Low tumor-infiltrating lymphocytesPD-L1/PDAntitumor immune responseRAS/MAPK activationCell-surface MHC expressionMAPK activationImproved survivalImproved prognosisPredictive biomarkersClinical trialsImmune response