Featured Publications
Thyroid hormone inhibits lung fibrosis in mice by improving epithelial mitochondrial function
Yu G, Tzouvelekis A, Wang R, Herazo-Maya JD, Ibarra GH, Srivastava A, de Castro JPW, DeIuliis G, Ahangari F, Woolard T, Aurelien N, Arrojo e Drigo R, Gan Y, Graham M, Liu X, Homer RJ, Scanlan TS, Mannam P, Lee PJ, Herzog EL, Bianco AC, Kaminski N. Thyroid hormone inhibits lung fibrosis in mice by improving epithelial mitochondrial function. Nature Medicine 2017, 24: 39-49. PMID: 29200204, PMCID: PMC5760280, DOI: 10.1038/nm.4447.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchmicroRNA-33 deficiency in macrophages enhances autophagy, improves mitochondrial homeostasis, and protects against lung fibrosis
Ahangari F, Price N, Malik S, Chioccioli M, Bärnthaler T, Adams T, Kim J, Pradeep S, Ding S, Cosme C, Rose K, McDonough J, Aurelien N, Ibarra G, Omote N, Schupp J, DeIuliis G, Nunez J, Sharma L, Ryu C, Dela Cruz C, Liu X, Prasse A, Rosas I, Bahal R, Fernandez-Hernando C, Kaminski N. microRNA-33 deficiency in macrophages enhances autophagy, improves mitochondrial homeostasis, and protects against lung fibrosis. JCI Insight 2023, 8: e158100. PMID: 36626225, PMCID: PMC9977502, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158100.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary fibrosisMiR-33MiR-33 levelsSpecific genetic ablationBronchoalveolar lavage cellsNovel therapeutic approachesMitochondrial homeostasisFatty acid metabolismMacrophages protectsBleomycin injuryLavage cellsLung fibrosisHealthy controlsInflammatory responseTherapeutic approachesImmunometabolic responsesCholesterol effluxFibrosisFatal diseasePharmacological inhibitionSterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) genesGenetic ablationMacrophagesEx vivo mouse
2024
Noninvasive assessment of the lung inflammation-fibrosis axis by targeted imaging of CMKLR1
Mannes P, Adams T, Farsijani S, Barnes C, Latoche J, Day K, Nedrow J, Ahangari F, Kaminski N, Lee J, Tavakoli S. Noninvasive assessment of the lung inflammation-fibrosis axis by targeted imaging of CMKLR1. Science Advances 2024, 10: eadm9817. PMID: 38896611, PMCID: PMC11186491, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9817.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisFibrotic lung diseaseRisk stratificationMurine modelLung fibrosisLung diseaseModel of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosisBleomycin-induced lung fibrosisImaging biomarkersMurine model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosisBronchoalveolar lavage cellsMonocyte-derived macrophagesPositron emission tomographyInflammatory endotypesPulmonary fibrosisLavage cellsPoor survivalNoninvasive assessmentTherapeutic monitoringEmission tomographyCMKLR1FibrosisClinical trajectoryLungLung regions
2023
VISTA (PD-1H) Is a Crucial Immune Regulator to Limit Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Kim S, Adams T, Hu Q, Shin H, Chae G, Lee S, Sharma L, Kwon H, Lee F, Park H, Huh W, Manning E, Kaminski N, Sauler M, Chen L, Song J, Kim T, Kang M. VISTA (PD-1H) Is a Crucial Immune Regulator to Limit Pulmonary Fibrosis. American Journal Of Respiratory Cell And Molecular Biology 2023, 69: 22-33. PMID: 36450109, PMCID: PMC10324045, DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0219oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary fibrosisImmune regulatorsTherapeutic potentialHuman idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisCrucial immune regulatorsNovel immune regulatorPulmonary fibrosis micePulmonary fibrosis modelNovel therapeutic targetRole of VISTAWild-type littermatesMonocyte-derived macrophagesT lymphocyte lineageVISTA expressionIPF treatmentAntibody treatmentImmune landscapeFibrotic mediatorsLung fibrosisFibrosis miceInflammatory responseFibrosis modelMyeloid populationsTherapeutic targetVascular-Parenchymal Cross-Talk Promotes Lung Fibrosis through BMPR2 Signaling.
Yanagihara T, Tsubouchi K, Zhou Q, Chong M, Otsubo K, Isshiki T, Schupp J, Sato S, Scallan C, Upagupta C, Revill S, Ayoub A, Chong S, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Kaminski N, Tikkanen J, Keshavjee S, Paré G, Guignabert C, Ask K, Kolb M. Vascular-Parenchymal Cross-Talk Promotes Lung Fibrosis through BMPR2 Signaling. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2023, 207: 1498-1514. PMID: 36917778, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202109-2174oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisVascular smooth muscle cellsAdvanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary hypertensionFibrotic lungsVascular remodelingEndothelial cellsPulmonary fibrosisLung diseaseLung fibrosisDevelopment of PHConcomitant pulmonary hypertensionProgressive lung scarringPulmonary vascular remodelingFibrotic lung diseaseProgression of fibrosisActivation of VSMCsActive TGF-β1Fatal lung diseaseSmooth muscle cellsWhole-exome sequencingLung scarringEndothelial dysfunctionPoor prognosisFibrogenic effects
2022
Saracatinib, a Selective Src Kinase Inhibitor, Blocks Fibrotic Responses in Preclinical Models of Pulmonary Fibrosis.
Ahangari F, Becker C, Foster DG, Chioccioli M, Nelson M, Beke K, Wang X, Justet A, Adams T, Readhead B, Meador C, Correll K, Lili LN, Roybal HM, Rose KA, Ding S, Barnthaler T, Briones N, DeIuliis G, Schupp JC, Li Q, Omote N, Aschner Y, Sharma L, Kopf KW, Magnusson B, Hicks R, Backmark A, Dela Cruz CS, Rosas I, Cousens LP, Dudley JT, Kaminski N, Downey GP. Saracatinib, a Selective Src Kinase Inhibitor, Blocks Fibrotic Responses in Preclinical Models of Pulmonary Fibrosis. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2022, 206: 1463-1479. PMID: 35998281, PMCID: PMC9757097, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202010-3832oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisHuman precision-cut lung slicesPrecision-cut lung slicesPulmonary fibrosisNormal human lung fibroblastsEpithelial-mesenchymal transitionHuman lung fibroblastsFibrogenic pathwaysPreclinical modelsMurine modelLung slicesSrc kinase inhibitorLung fibroblastsKinase inhibitorsAmelioration of fibrosisSelective Src kinase inhibitorHuman lung fibrosisWhole lung extractsPotential therapeutic efficacyIPF diseaseIPF treatmentLung functionInflammatory cascadeLung fibrosisAntifibrotic efficacyCD38 Mediates Lung Fibrosis by Promoting Alveolar Epithelial Cell Aging.
Cui H, Xie N, Banerjee S, Dey T, Liu RM, Antony VB, Sanders YY, Adams TS, Gomez JL, Thannickal VJ, Kaminski N, Liu G. CD38 Mediates Lung Fibrosis by Promoting Alveolar Epithelial Cell Aging. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2022, 206: 459-475. PMID: 35687485, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202109-2151oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisLung fibrosisCD38 expressionAlveolar epithelial cell injuryEpithelial cell injuryEffective therapeutic strategyHuman lung parenchymaIPF lungsLung functionPulmonary fibrosisDisease progressionFibrotic lungsReal-time PCRYoung miceLung parenchymaOld miceCell injuryTherapeutic strategiesFibrosisPharmacological inactivationCD38Single-cell RNA sequencingFlow cytometryWestern blottingOld animalsPseudohypoxic HIF pathway activation dysregulates collagen structure-function in human lung fibrosis
Brereton CJ, Yao L, Davies ER, Zhou Y, Vukmirovic M, Bell JA, Wang S, Ridley RA, Dean L, Andriotis OG, Conforti F, Brewitz L, Mohammed S, Wallis T, Tavassoli A, Ewing RM, Alzetani A, Marshall BG, Fletcher SV, Thurner PJ, Fabre A, Kaminski N, Richeldi L, Bhaskar A, Schofield CJ, Loxham M, Davies DE, Wang Y, Jones MG. Pseudohypoxic HIF pathway activation dysregulates collagen structure-function in human lung fibrosis. ELife 2022, 11: e69348. PMID: 35188460, PMCID: PMC8860444, DOI: 10.7554/elife.69348.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIF pathway activationPathway activationLung fibrosisOxidative stressHuman lung fibrosisOxidative stress scoreFibrillar collagen synthesisHypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway activationExtracellular matrixActive fibrogenesisFibrosisHuman fibrosisFibrosis tissueHIF activationStress scoresVivo studiesCollagen synthesisMesenchymal cellsCritical pathwaysDownstream activationNormal fibroblastsCritical regulatorHIFActivationHuman tissues
2021
Distinct roles of KLF4 in mesenchymal cell subtypes during lung fibrogenesis
Chandran RR, Xie Y, Gallardo-Vara E, Adams T, Garcia-Milian R, Kabir I, Sheikh AQ, Kaminski N, Martin KA, Herzog EL, Greif DM. Distinct roles of KLF4 in mesenchymal cell subtypes during lung fibrogenesis. Nature Communications 2021, 12: 7179. PMID: 34893592, PMCID: PMC8664937, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27499-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCell ProliferationDisease Models, AnimalDown-RegulationExtracellular MatrixFemaleFibroblastsFibrosisHumansKruppel-Like Factor 4LungLung InjuryMaleMesenchymal Stem CellsMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMyofibroblastsReceptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor betaRespiratory Tract DiseasesSignal TransductionTransforming Growth Factor betaConceptsMesenchymal cell typesPlatelet-derived growth factor receptorSmooth muscle actinLung fibrosisKruppel-like factor 4Forkhead box M1Growth factor receptorCell transitionCell typesExtracellular matrixDistinct rolesKLF4Box M1C chemokine ligandMesenchymal cell subtypesFactor receptorPro-fibrotic effectsFactor 4PDGFRMesenchymeCellsMacrophage accumulationKLF4 levelsChemokine ligandLung fibrogenesisMacrophage-derived netrin-1 drives adrenergic nerve–associated lung fibrosis
Gao R, Peng X, Perry C, Sun H, Ntokou A, Ryu C, Gomez JL, Reeves BC, Walia A, Kaminski N, Neumark N, Ishikawa G, Black KE, Hariri LP, Moore MW, Gulati M, Homer RJ, Greif DM, Eltzschig HK, Herzog EL. Macrophage-derived netrin-1 drives adrenergic nerve–associated lung fibrosis. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2021, 131: e136542. PMID: 33393489, PMCID: PMC7773383, DOI: 10.1172/jci136542.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNetrin-1Lung fibrosisCell-specific knockout miceΑ1-adrenoreceptor blockadeIPF lung tissueNeuronal guidance proteinsNetrin-1 expressionExtracellular matrix accumulationAdrenergic processesAdrenoreceptor antagonismAdrenoreceptor blockadeFibrotic histologyInflammatory scarringIPF cohortAdrenergic nervesΑ1-blockersImproved survivalColorectal carcinomaLung tissueKnockout miceCollagen accumulationFibrosisMatrix accumulationMacrophagesGuidance proteins
2020
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein is crucial for the development of pulmonary fibrosis
Kim SH, Lee JY, Yoon CM, Shin HJ, Lee SW, Rosas I, Herzog E, Dela Cruz C, Kaminski N, Kang MJ. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein is crucial for the development of pulmonary fibrosis. European Respiratory Journal 2020, 57: 2000652. PMID: 33093124, PMCID: PMC8559259, DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00652-2020.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDamage-associated molecular patternsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary fibrosisMAVS aggregationMultiple damage-associated molecular patternsExperimental pulmonary fibrosisMitochondrial antiviral signaling proteinInnate immune responseIPF patientsMAVS signalingIPF treatmentBleomycin injuryLung fibrosisTherapeutic effectImmune responseTherapeutic strategiesMAVS expressionFibrosisDanger signalsCritical mediatorMolecular patternsABT-263LungInjuryBH3 mimeticsCMH-Small Molecule Docks into SIRT1, Elicits Human IPF-Lung Fibroblast Cell Death, Inhibits Ku70-deacetylation, FLIP and Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis
Konikov-Rozenman J, Breuer R, Kaminski N, Wallach-Dayan SB. CMH-Small Molecule Docks into SIRT1, Elicits Human IPF-Lung Fibroblast Cell Death, Inhibits Ku70-deacetylation, FLIP and Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2020, 10: 997. PMID: 32630842, PMCID: PMC7408087, DOI: 10.3390/biom10070997.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcetylationAnimalsBinding SitesCASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating ProteinCell LineCell SurvivalDisease Models, AnimalFibroblastsGene Expression RegulationHumansHydroxamic AcidsIdiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisKu AutoantigenLungMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLModels, MolecularMolecular Docking SimulationProtein ConformationProtein StabilitySirtuin 1ConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary fibrosisFibrotic-lung myofibroblastsProgressive lung diseaseExperimental pulmonary fibrosisFibroblast cell deathLung diseaseLung fibrosisLung sectionsVital organsFlow cytometryFibrosisMyofibroblast resistanceRegenerative capacityFLIP levelsCell survivalCell deathImmunoblotCmHSIRT1Activity inhibitionUseful strategySmall moleculesBleomycinMyofibroblasts
2019
Transcriptional regulatory model of fibrosis progression in the human lung
McDonough JE, Ahangari F, Li Q, Jain S, Verleden SE, Herazo-Maya J, Vukmirovic M, DeIuliis G, Tzouvelekis A, Tanabe N, Chu F, Yan X, Verschakelen J, Homer RJ, Manatakis DV, Zhang J, Ding J, Maes K, De Sadeleer L, Vos R, Neyrinck A, Benos PV, Bar-Joseph Z, Tantin D, Hogg JC, Vanaudenaerde BM, Wuyts WA, Kaminski N. Transcriptional regulatory model of fibrosis progression in the human lung. JCI Insight 2019, 4 PMID: 31600171, PMCID: PMC6948862, DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131597.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisAdvanced fibrosisAlveolar surface densityFibrosis progressionLung fibrosisHuman lungDynamic Regulatory Events MinerExtent of fibrosisIPF lungsPulmonary fibrosisControl lungsIPF tissueB lymphocytesFibrosisLungLinear mixed-effects modelsMixed-effects modelsGene expression changesSystems biology modelsDifferential gene expression analysisGene expression analysisProgressionGene expression networksRNA sequencingBiology modelsRole of dual-specificity protein phosphatase DUSP10/MKP-5 in pulmonary fibrosis
Xylourgidis N, Min K, Ahangari F, Yu G, Herazo-Maya JD, Karampitsakos T, Aidinis V, Binzenhöfer L, Bouros D, Bennett AM, Kaminski N, Tzouvelekis A. Role of dual-specificity protein phosphatase DUSP10/MKP-5 in pulmonary fibrosis. American Journal Of Physiology - Lung Cellular And Molecular Physiology 2019, 317: l678-l689. PMID: 31483681, PMCID: PMC6879900, DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00264.2018.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntibiotics, AntineoplasticBleomycinDual-Specificity PhosphatasesFemaleFibroblastsHumansMAP Kinase Signaling SystemMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase PhosphatasesPhosphorylationPulmonary FibrosisSignal TransductionTransforming Growth Factor beta1ConceptsPulmonary fibrosisLung fibrosisFibrogenic genesLung fibroblastsM1 macrophage phenotypeIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisHuman lung fibrosisGrowth factor-β1Levels of hydroxyprolineProtein kinase phosphatase 5IPF lungsReduced fibrosisMuscle fibrosisProfibrogenic effectsTGF-β1Smad7 levelsTherapeutic targetAnimal modelsFactor-β1FibrosisSmad3 phosphorylationEnhanced p38 MAPK activityP38 MAPK activityMyofibroblast differentiationMKP-5 expression
2018
Evolving Genomics of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Ibarra G, Herazo-Maya J, Kaminski N. Evolving Genomics of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Respiratory Medicine 2018, 207-239. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99975-3_9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTranscript profiling approachesProfiling approachPotential drug targetsNonspecific interstitial pneumoniaIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisFibrotic lung diseaseGenomic profiling studiesLung diseaseDrug targetsPulmonary fibrosisHypersensitivity pneumonitisKey moleculesProfiling studiesCells of patientsUnbiased viewDifferent interstitial lung diseasesInterstitial lung diseaseInterstitial pneumoniaLung fibrosisAnimal modelsTranscriptomeCellsGenomicsFibrosisDiseaseReducing protein oxidation reverses lung fibrosis
Anathy V, Lahue KG, Chapman DG, Chia SB, Casey DT, Aboushousha R, van der Velden JLJ, Elko E, Hoffman SM, McMillan DH, Jones JT, Nolin JD, Abdalla S, Schneider R, Seward DJ, Roberson EC, Liptak MD, Cousins ME, Butnor KJ, Taatjes DJ, Budd RC, Irvin CG, Ho YS, Hakem R, Brown KK, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM, Gomez JL, Kaminski N, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Reducing protein oxidation reverses lung fibrosis. Nature Medicine 2018, 24: 1128-1135. PMID: 29988126, PMCID: PMC6204256, DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0090-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary fibrosisLung fibrosisDirect administrationAirways of miceGrowth factor beta 1Transgenic mouse modelFibrotic lungsLung tissueMouse modelAged animalsFibrosisLung epitheliumTherapeutic potentialExcessive depositionBeta 1Transgenic overexpressionOxidative stressExact mechanismAirwayGlrxLungMiceAdministrationOxidative mechanisms
2017
Modified mesenchymal stem cells using miRNA transduction alter lung injury in a bleomycin model
Huleihel L, Sellares J, Cardenes N, Álvarez D, Faner R, Sakamoto K, Yu G, Kapetanaki MG, Kaminski N, Rojas M. Modified mesenchymal stem cells using miRNA transduction alter lung injury in a bleomycin model. American Journal Of Physiology - Lung Cellular And Molecular Physiology 2017, 313: l92-l103. PMID: 28385811, PMCID: PMC5538868, DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00323.2016.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBiomarkersBleomycinBone Marrow CellsCollagenCytokinesDisease Models, AnimalFemaleGene Expression RegulationGene Regulatory NetworksHumansInterleukin-6Leukocyte Common AntigensLung InjuryMesenchymal Stem Cell TransplantationMesenchymal Stem CellsMice, Inbred C57BLMicroRNAsRNA, MessengerSurvival AnalysisTransduction, GeneticTransfectionWeight LossConceptsBone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cellsMesenchymal stem cellsLung fibrosisLate administrationBleomycin modelMiR-154Different preclinical modelsStem cellsCD45-positive cellsMurine bleomycin modelMarrow-derived mesenchymal stem cellsInitial weight lossLower survival rateAshcroft scoreLung injuryBleomycin instillationFibrotic changesCytokine expressionMice groupsLung tissueOH-prolinePreclinical modelsProtective effectTreatment groupsSurvival rate
2016
SH2 Domain–Containing Phosphatase-2 Is a Novel Antifibrotic Regulator in Pulmonary Fibrosis
Tzouvelekis A, Yu G, Lino Cardenas CL, Herazo-Maya JD, Wang R, Woolard T, Zhang Y, Sakamoto K, Lee H, Yi JS, DeIuliis G, Xylourgidis N, Ahangari F, Lee PJ, Aidinis V, Herzog EL, Homer R, Bennett AM, Kaminski N. SH2 Domain–Containing Phosphatase-2 Is a Novel Antifibrotic Regulator in Pulmonary Fibrosis. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2016, 195: 500-514. PMID: 27736153, PMCID: PMC5378419, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201602-0329oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPulmonary fibrosisProfibrotic stimuliLung fibroblastsChronic fatal lung diseaseMyofibroblast differentiationPrimary human lung fibroblastsFatal lung diseaseNovel therapeutic strategiesVivo therapeutic effectPotential therapeutic usefulnessHuman lung fibroblastsMouse lung fibroblastsDismal prognosisFibroblastic fociLung fibrosisLung diseaseBleomycin modelTherapeutic effectTherapeutic usefulnessTherapeutic strategiesTherapeutic targetTransgenic miceFibrosisSHP2 overexpressionPlexin C1 deficiency permits synaptotagmin 7–mediated macrophage migration and enhances mammalian lung fibrosis
Peng X, Moore M, Mathur A, Zhou Y, Sun H, Gan Y, Herazo‐Maya J, Kaminski N, Hu X, Pan H, Ryu C, Osafo‐Addo A, Homer RJ, Feghali‐Bostwick C, Fares W, Gulati M, Hu B, Lee C, Elias JA, Herzog EL. Plexin C1 deficiency permits synaptotagmin 7–mediated macrophage migration and enhances mammalian lung fibrosis. The FASEB Journal 2016, 30: 4056-4070. PMID: 27609773, PMCID: PMC5102121, DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600373r.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLung fibrosisPlexin C1Macrophage migrationPulmonary fibrosisBone marrow-derived cellsSynaptotagmin-7Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosisInterstitial lung diseaseMarrow-derived cellsTGF-β1 overexpressionFatal conditionLung diseaseMonocyte migrationUnrecognized observationCollagen accumulationFibrosisMice showBoyden chamberGenetic deletionLungMouse macrophagesSemaphorin receptorsMacrophagesC1s deficiencyDeficiency
2015
FK506-Binding Protein 10, a Potential Novel Drug Target for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Staab-Weijnitz CA, Fernandez IE, Knüppel L, Maul J, Heinzelmann K, Juan-Guardela BM, Hennen E, Preissler G, Winter H, Neurohr C, Hatz R, Lindner M, Behr J, Kaminski N, Eickelberg O. FK506-Binding Protein 10, a Potential Novel Drug Target for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 2015, 192: 455-467. PMID: 26039104, PMCID: PMC4595665, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201412-2233oc.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisPrimary human lung fibroblastsGrowth factor-β1Endoplasmic reticulum stressPulmonary fibrosisFKBP10 expressionLung fibrosisNovel drug targetsControl subjectsFactor-β1Protein 10Immunofluorescent stainingReticulum stressReverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactionQuantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactionTranscriptase-polymerase chain reactionSmooth muscle actinPotential novel drug targetsHuman lung fibroblastsCollagen secretionDrug targetsWestern blot analysisProfibrotic mediatorsU.S. cohortGerman cohort