Richard Hochberg, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Senior Research ScientistCards
Appointments
Contact Info
Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
333 Cedar Street
New Haven, CT 06520-8063
United States
About
Titles
Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Senior Research Scientist
Appointments
Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
EmeritusPrimaryObstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
Senior Research ScientistSecondary
Other Departments & Organizations
- Cancer Biology Group
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
- Reproductive Sciences
- Yale Ventures
- Yale WRHR Advisory Committee
Education & Training
- Postdoctoral fellowship
- Columbia University School of Medicine (1972)
- PhD
- Hahnemann Medical College (1967)
Research
Overview
Dr Hochberg was trained in the field of steroid chemistry and biochemistry in the laboratory of the renowned Dr Seymour Lieberman where he investigated the unique biosynthetic pathways involving steroid sulfates as intermediates, as well as the mechanisms in steroid biosynthetic pathway.
Subsequently, he discovered the previously unknown “lipoidal derivatives”, fatty acid esters of the steroids which included the estrogens and androgens, the most potent of the naturally occurring steroid hormones. He designed and synthesized the first steroid hormones labeled with high energy isotopes: the estrogen, 16a-iodoestradiol (and the 11ß-methoxy analog) which when labeled with 123I was used for detecting breast cancer metastases and with 125I for unique neuroendocrine studies of the estrogen responsive regions of the brain; an androgen, 7a-fluoro-DHT designed to detect prostate metastases by androgen receptor mediated uptake when labeled with 18F.
He developed the first in vitro bioassay for estrogens a procedure that is still currently used for the accurate determinations of estrogenic potency applicable to humans. He has also synthesized “local estrogens” for the treatment of menopausal dyspareunia, compounds that are devoid of systemic action and unique SERMs
1. SPECT imaging the estrogen and androgen responsive regions of the primate brain
2. Developing SERMs that do not act on the brain and cause hot flashes.
3. Develop locally active antiandrogens for the treatment of skin
Medical Research Interests
Research at a Glance
Publications Timeline
Research Interests
Estrogens
Steroids
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators
Publications
2004
Estrogen to Antiestrogen with a Single Methylene Group Resulting in an Unusual Steroidal Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator
Zhang JX, Labaree DC, Mor G, Hochberg RB. Estrogen to Antiestrogen with a Single Methylene Group Resulting in an Unusual Steroidal Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator. The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2004, 89: 3527-3535. PMID: 15240642, DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-032005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBody WeightBone and BonesCell Line, TumorCholesterolDose-Response Relationship, DrugEstradiolEstrogen AntagonistsEstrogen Receptor alphaEstrogen Receptor betaEstrogensFemaleHumansHydrocarbonsMethaneOrgan SizeRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, EstrogenSelective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsTransfectionUterusConceptsSelective estrogen receptor modulatorsEstrogen receptor modulatorsReceptor modulatorsBreast cancer preventionEstradiol-induced proliferationER affinityHigh ER affinityImportant therapeutic agentsPlasma cholesterolER alphaCancer preventionEstrogen agonistEstrogenic agonistTherapeutic agentsEstradiol analogsHigh estrogenic potencyCell bioassayBone growthEstrogenic activityAntiestrogensEstrogenic potencyAgonistsCritical structuresUnique mechanismGroup
2003
Synthesis and Evaluation of B-, C-, and D-Ring-Substituted Estradiol Carboxylic Acid Esters as Locally Active Estrogens
Labaree DC, Zhang JX, Harris HA, O'Connor C, Reynolds TY, Hochberg RB. Synthesis and Evaluation of B-, C-, and D-Ring-Substituted Estradiol Carboxylic Acid Esters as Locally Active Estrogens. Journal Of Medicinal Chemistry 2003, 46: 1886-1904. PMID: 12723952, DOI: 10.1021/jm0204340.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBinding, CompetitiveEsterasesEstersEstradiolEstradiol CongenersEstrogen Receptor alphaEstrogen Receptor betaFemaleHumansIn Vitro TechniquesKidneyLigandsMiceMicrosomesOrgan SizeOxidoreductasesRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, EstrogenStructure-Activity RelationshipTumor Cells, CulturedUterusVaginaConceptsEstrogen receptorHormonal activityReceptor bindingAnalogues of estradiolEstrogen-sensitive genesEstrogen receptor bindingEstrogen-responsive genesEstrogenic actionIshikawa cellsEffective estrogenActive estrogensEstrogenHormonal actionDerivatives of estradiolEstradiolEstrogenic responsesSystemic actionReceptorsEstrogenic activityVivo assaysNonspecific esterasesSteroid nucleusSensitive genesActivitySteroid ring
1998
Biological Esterification of Steroids*
Hochberg R. Biological Esterification of Steroids*. Endocrine Reviews 1998, 19: 331-348. PMID: 9626557, DOI: 10.1210/edrv.19.3.0330.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetric
1995
Long-lived testosterone esters in the rat.
Borg W, Shackleton CH, Pahuja SL, Hochberg RB. Long-lived testosterone esters in the rat. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1995, 92: 1545-1549. PMID: 7878017, PMCID: PMC42556, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.5.1545.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsTestosterone estersPresence of testosteronePotent therapeutic agentLong-term castratesFemale ratsMale ratsTestosterone levelsMeasurable fallEster fractionIntact malesSteroid hormonesTherapeutic agentsRatsHormonal potencyTarget tissuesImportant physiological impactAndrogensFatTestosteroneMost tissuesCastrationTissueFatty acidsTestosterone equivalentsPhysiological impactDistribution of occupied and unoccupied estrogen receptors in the rat brain: effects of physiological gonadal steroid exposure
Yuan H, Bowlby D, Brown T, Hochberg R, MacLusky N. Distribution of occupied and unoccupied estrogen receptors in the rat brain: effects of physiological gonadal steroid exposure. Endocrinology 1995, 136: 96-105. DOI: 10.1210/en.136.1.96.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGonadal steroid exposureUnoccupied estrogen receptorEstrogen receptorER occupancySteroid exposureLevels of circulating estradiolBed nucleus of the stria terminalisIn vitro autoradiographic methodOccupied estrogen receptorsBrain regionsTreatment of intact malesHypothalamic arcuate nucleusHypothalamic ventromedial nucleusTissue sectionsEndogenous gonadal steroidsPreovulatory estrogen surgeMessenger RNA levelsER binding capacityArcuate nucleusMale ratsBed nucleusVentromedial nucleusCirculating estradiolLabeled estrogenStria terminalis
1992
Estrogen receptors colocalize with low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain.
Toran-Allerand CD, Miranda RC, Bentham WD, Sohrabji F, Brown TJ, Hochberg RB, MacLusky NJ. Estrogen receptors colocalize with low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1992, 89: 4668-4672. PMID: 1316615, PMCID: PMC49144, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4668.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsLow-affinity nerve growth factor receptorNerve growth factor receptorGrowth factor receptorBasal forebrainCholinergic neuronsSame neuronsFactor receptorCholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferaseGonadal steroid hormone estrogenBrain-derived neurotrophic factorPrimate basal forebrainRodent basal forebrainSteroid hormone estrogenEnzyme choline acetyltransferaseNerve growth factorSitu hybridization histochemistryEstrogen deficiencyNeurotrophic factorNeurotrophin-3Cholinergic functionCholine acetyltransferaseNeuronal survivalHormone estrogenEstrogen receptorClinical conditions
1990
A Simple and Sensitive Microtiter Plate Estrogen Bioassay Based on Stimulation of Alkaline Phosphatase in Ishikawa Cells: Estrogenic Action of Δ5 Adrenal Steroids*
Littlefield BA, Gurpide E, Markiewicz L, McKinley B, Hochberg RB. A Simple and Sensitive Microtiter Plate Estrogen Bioassay Based on Stimulation of Alkaline Phosphatase in Ishikawa Cells: Estrogenic Action of Δ5 Adrenal Steroids*. Endocrinology 1990, 127: 2757-2762. PMID: 2249627, DOI: 10.1210/endo-127-6-2757.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsEstrogenic actionIshikawa cellsHuman endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lineEndometrial adenocarcinoma cell lineAction of estradiolDelta 5Ishikawa human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lineType of steroidAdenocarcinoma cell lineAdrenal steroidsEstrogen bioassayAdrenal delta 5Aromatase inhibitorsEstrogenC19 steroidsAlkPEstradiolSteroidsDelta 4StimulationAntiestrogensCell linesDehydrogenase inhibitorAlkaline phosphataseAlkaline phosphatase enzyme activity
1989
The synthesis of 11 beta-methoxy-[16 alpha-123I] iodoestradiol and its interaction with the estrogen receptor in vivo and in vitro.
Zielinski JE, Larner JM, Hoffer PB, Hochberg RB. The synthesis of 11 beta-methoxy-[16 alpha-123I] iodoestradiol and its interaction with the estrogen receptor in vivo and in vitro. Journal Of Nuclear Medicine 1989, 30: 209-15. PMID: 2738649.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsMeSH Keywords and Concepts
1982
Estradiol fatty acid esters. The isolation and identification of the lipoidal derivative of estradiol synthesized in the bovine uterus.
Mellon-Nussbaum SH, Ponticorvo L, Schatz F, Hochberg RB. Estradiol fatty acid esters. The isolation and identification of the lipoidal derivative of estradiol synthesized in the bovine uterus. Journal Of Biological Chemistry 1982, 257: 5678-5684. PMID: 7068614, DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83831-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and Concepts
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Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences
333 Cedar Street
New Haven, CT 06520-8063
United States