2022
The obesity paradox: Retinopathy, obesity, and circulating risk markers in youth with type 2 diabetes in the TODAY Study
Levitsky LL, Drews KL, Haymond M, Glubitosi-Klug RA, Katz L, Mititelu M, Tamborlane W, Tryggestad JB, Weinstock RS, Group T. The obesity paradox: Retinopathy, obesity, and circulating risk markers in youth with type 2 diabetes in the TODAY Study. Journal Of Diabetes And Its Complications 2022, 36: 108259. PMID: 36150365, DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108259.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-proliferative diabetic retinopathyType 2 diabetesHigh-sensitivity C-reactive proteinObesity paradoxInflammatory biomarkersHDL cholesterolLDL cholesterolInsulin-like growth factor binding protein 1Sensitivity C-reactive proteinGrowth factor binding protein 1Today StudyPresence of retinopathyRelationship of obesityC-reactive proteinPlasminogen activator inhibitor-1Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1Digital fundus photographsNecrosis factor receptor 1Activator inhibitor-1Factor receptor 1Higher BMIObese participantsRisk markersDiabetic retinopathyInterleukin-6
2020
Children and adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium Registries: comparing clinical characteristics and glycaemic control
Van Name MA, Cheng P, Gal RL, Kollman C, Lynch J, Nelson B, Tamborlane WV, Consortium F. Children and adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium Registries: comparing clinical characteristics and glycaemic control. Diabetic Medicine 2020, 37: 863-867. PMID: 31943374, DOI: 10.1111/dme.14233.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsType 2 diabetesType 1 diabetesPediatric Diabetes ConsortiumTarget HbAType 1Median C-peptide levelsResidual endogenous insulin secretionType 2 diabetes mellitusC-peptide levelsEndogenous insulin secretionOverweight/obeseYears of agePoor diabetes outcomesSubset of participantsCharacteristics of childrenDiabetic ketoacidosisGlycaemic controlClinical characteristicsDiabetes mellitusDiabetes outcomesRisk factorsFamilies of childrenInsulin secretionInsulin treatmentDiabetes diagnosis
2015
Effect of Metformin Added to Insulin on Glycemic Control Among Overweight/Obese Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Libman IM, Miller KM, DiMeglio LA, Bethin KE, Katz ML, Shah A, Simmons JH, Haller MJ, Raman S, Tamborlane WV, Coffey JK, Saenz AM, Beck RW, Nadeau KJ. Effect of Metformin Added to Insulin on Glycemic Control Among Overweight/Obese Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2015, 314: 2241-2250. PMID: 26624824, DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.16174.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsType 1 diabetesBody mass indexGastrointestinal adverse eventsEffect of metforminTotal daily insulinGlycemic controlPlacebo groupOverweight adolescentsMetformin groupBaseline HbA1cAdverse eventsDaily insulinClinical trialsMultiple secondary end pointsOverweight/obese adolescentsSafety of metforminSecondary end pointsUse of metforminAddition of metforminBMI z-scoreMeasures of adipositySecondary outcomesBlood pressureInsulin dosePrimary outcomeObesity in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes in Germany, Austria, and the United States
DuBose SN, Hermann JM, Tamborlane WV, Beck RW, Dost A, DiMeglio LA, Schwab KO, Holl RW, Hofer SE, Maahs DM, Willi S, Lipman T, Calvano T, Kucheruk O, Minnock P, Nguyen C, Klingensmith G, Banion C, Barker J, Cain C, Chase P, Hoops S, Kelsy M, Klingensmith G, Maahs D, Mowry C, Nadeau K, Raymond J, Rewers M, Rewers A, Slover R, Steck A, Wadwa P, Walravens P, Zeitler P, Haro H, Manseau K, Weinstock R, Izquierdo R, Sheikh U, Conboy P, Bulger J, Bzdick S, Goland R, Gandica R, Weiner L, Cook S, Greenberg E, Kohm K, Pollack S, Lee J, Gregg B, Tan M, Burgh K, Eason A, Garg S, Michels A, Myers L, DiMeglio L, Hannon T, Orr D, Cruz C, Woerner S, Wolfsdorf J, Quinn M, Tawa O, Ahmann A, Castle J, Joarder F, Bogan C, Cady N, Cox J, Pitts A, Fitch R, White B, Wollam B, Bode B, Lindmark K, Hosey R, Bethin K, Quattrin T, Ecker M, Wood J, Chao L, Cheung C, Fisher L, Jeandron D, Kaufman F, Kim M, Miyazaki B, Monzavi R, Patel P, Pitukcheewanont P, Sandstrom A, Cohen M, Ichihara B, Lipton M, Cemeroglu A, Appiagyei-Dankah Y, Daniel M, Postellon D, Racine M, Wood M, Kleis L, Hirsch I, DeSantis A, Dugdale D, Failor R, Gilliam L, Greenbaum C, Janci M, Odegard P, Trence D, Wisse B, Batts E, Dove A, Hefty D, Khakpour D, Klein J, Kuhns K, McCulloch-Olson M, Peterson C, Ramey M, St. Marie M, Thomson P, Webber C, Liljenquist D, Sulik M, Vance C, Coughenour T, Brown C, Halford J, Prudent A, Rigby S, Robison B, Starkman H, Berry T, Cerame B, Chin D, Ebner-Lyon L, Guevarra F, Sabanosh K, Silverman L, Wagner C, Fox M, Buckingham B, Shah A, Caswell K, Harris B, Bergenstal R, Criego A, Damberg G, Matfin G, Powers M, Tridgell D, Burt C, Olson B, Thomas L, Mehta S, Katz M, Laffel L, Hathway J, Phillips R, Cengiz E, Tamborlane W, Cappiello D, Steffen A, Zgorski M, Peters A, Ruelas V, Benjamin R, Adkins D, Cuffee J, Spruill A, Bergenstal R, Criego A, Damberg G, Matfin G, Powers M, Tridgell D, Burt C, Olson B, Thomas J, Aleppo-Kacmarek G, Derby T, Massaro E, Webb K, Solorzano C, DeBoer M, Madison H, McGill J, Buechler L, Clifton M, Hurst S, Kissel S, Recklein C, Tsalikian E, Tansey M, Cabbage J, Coffey J, Salamati S, Clements M, Raman S, Turpin A, Bedard J, Cohoon C, Elrod A, Fridlington A, Hester L, Kruger D, Schatz D, Clare-Salzler M, Cusi K, Digman C, Fudge B, Haller M, Meehan C, Rohrs H, Silverstein J, Wagh S, Cintron M, Sheehan E, Thomas J, Daniels M, Clark S, Flannery T, Forghani N, Naidu A, Reh C, Scoggin P, Trinh L, Ayala N, Quintana R, Speer H, Zipf W, Seiple D, Kittelsrud J, Gupta A, Peterson V, Stoker A, Gottschalk M, Hashiguchi M, Smith K, Rodriguez H, Bobik C, Henson D, Simmons J, Potter A, Black M, Brendle F, Gubitosi-Klug R, Kaminski B, Bergant S, Campbell W, Tasi C, Copeland K, Beck J, Less J, Schanuel J, Tolbert J, Adi S, Gerard-Gonzalez A, Gitelman S, Chettout N, Torok C, Pihoker C, Yi-Frazier J, Kearns S, Libman I, Bills V, Diaz A, Duke J, Nathan B, Moran A, Bellin M, Beasley S, Kogler A, Leschyshyn J, Schmid K, Street A, Nelson B, Frost C, Reifeis E, Haymond M, Bacha F, Caldas-Vasquez M, Klinepeter S, Redondo M, Berlanga R, Falk T, Garnes E, Gonzalez J, Martinez C, Pontifes M, Yulatic R, Arnold K, Evans T, Sellers S, Raman V, Foster C, Murray M, Raman V, Brown T, Slater H, Wheeler K, Harlan D, Lee M, Lock J, Hartigan C, Hubacz L, Buse J, Calikoglu A, Largay J, Young L, Brown H, Duncan V, Duclos M, Tricome J, Brandenburg V, Blehm J, Hallanger-Johnson J, Hanson D, Miller C, Weiss J, Hoffman R, Chaudhari M, Repaske D, Gilson E, Haines J, Rudolph J, McClave C, Biersdorf D, Tello A, Blehm J, Amundson D, Ward R, Rickels M, Dalton-Bakes C, Markman E, Peleckis A, Rosenfeld N, Dolan L, Corathers S, Kichler J, Baugh H, Standiford D, Hassing J, Jones J, Willis S, Willis S, Wysham C, Davis L, Blackman S, Abel K, Clark L, Jonas A, Kagan E, Sosenko J, Blashke C, Matheson D, Edelen R, Repas T, Baldwin D, Borgwardt T, Conroy C, DeGrote K, Marchiando R, Wasson M, Fox L, Mauras N, Damaso L, Englert K, Hamaty M, Kennedy L, Schweiger M, Konstantinopoulos P, Mawhorter C, Orasko A, Rose D, Deeb L, Rohrbacher K, Schroeder L, Roark A, Ali O, Kramer J, Whitson-Jones D, Potter A, Black M, Brendle F, Gassner H, Kollipara S, Bills V, Duke J, Harwood K, Prasad V, Brault J. Obesity in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes in Germany, Austria, and the United States. The Journal Of Pediatrics 2015, 167: 627-632.e4. PMID: 26164381, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.05.046.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBody mass index z-scoreProspective Follow-upType 1 diabetesSevere hypoglycemiaT1D ExchangeFollow-upGreater body mass index z-scoreOptimal glycemic controlIndex z-scoreMedian BMI valuesNational reference valuesGlycemic controlClinical registryGreater hemoglobinChildren 2BMI valuesBMI referencesAge groupsRegistryZ-scoreExcessive weightHypoglycemiaObesity problemObesityDiabetesPrevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes and elevated body mass index
Redondo MJ, Foster NC, Libman IM, Mehta SN, Hathway JM, Bethin KE, Nathan BM, Ecker MA, Shah AC, DuBose SN, Tamborlane WV, Hoffman RP, Wong JC, Maahs DM, Beck RW, DiMeglio LA. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes and elevated body mass index. Acta Diabetologica 2015, 53: 271-277. PMID: 26077171, DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0785-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsType 1 diabetesCardiovascular risk factorsHealthy weight participantsWeight participantsRisk factorsElevated body mass indexHealthy weight peersFrequency of hypertensionDiagnosis of hypertensionHealthy weight childrenBody mass indexYears of ageWarrants further investigationConclusionsObese childrenMass indexObese participantsT1D ExchangeWeight childrenMedical recordsPrevention criteriaWeight statusAimThe prevalenceHigh prevalenceChildren 2Dyslipidemia
2014
Can we get it right for youth with type 2 diabetes?
Tamborlane WV, Ruedy K, Van Name M, Klingensmith GJ. Can we get it right for youth with type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Research And Clinical Practice 2014, 106: 643-644. PMID: 25488379, DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.11.003.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2012
Body Mass Index at the Time of Diagnosis of Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in Children
Kaminski BM, Klingensmith GJ, Beck RW, Tamborlane WV, Lee J, Hassan K, Schatz D, Kollman C, Redondo MJ, Consortium P. Body Mass Index at the Time of Diagnosis of Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in Children. The Journal Of Pediatrics 2012, 162: 736-740.e1. PMID: 23092524, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.09.017.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAutoimmune type 1 diabetesType 1 diabetesGeneral populationDiabetic ketoacidosisT1D onsetHigher BMI z-scoreHispanic race/ethnicityDisease control populationsMedian BMI percentilePediatric Diabetes ConsortiumDiagnosis of T1DPediatric diabetes centersTime of diagnosisDays of diagnosisBody mass indexSame clinical characteristicsBody mass index distributionBMI z-scoreType 2 diabetesChildren ages 2Race/ethnicityClinical characteristicsDiabetes autoantibodiesDiabetes CenterLower hemoglobin
2011
Long-term Results of an Obesity Program in an Ethnically Diverse Pediatric Population
Savoye M, Nowicka P, Shaw M, Yu S, Dziura J, Chavent G, O'Malley G, Serrecchia JB, Tamborlane WV, Caprio S. Long-term Results of an Obesity Program in an Ethnically Diverse Pediatric Population. Pediatrics 2011, 127: 402-410. PMID: 21300674, PMCID: PMC3065145, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-0697.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsControl groupLow-density lipoprotein cholesterolTotal body fat massIntensive lifestyle programIntensive lifestyle interventionHomeostasis model assessmentActive intervention phaseWeight management programBody fat massLong-term resultsBMI z-scorePercent body fatDiverse pediatric populationFamily-based programsLifestyle interventionLipoprotein cholesterolTotal cholesterolObese childrenObese populationPediatric populationInsulin resistanceObesity programLifestyle programFat massIntervention group
2010
Characteristics of Adolescents and Youth with Recent-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: The TODAY Cohort at Baseline
Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, Guandalini C, Higgins J, Hirst K, Kaufman FR, Linder B, Marcovina S, McGuigan P, Pyle L, Tamborlane W, Willi S. Characteristics of Adolescents and Youth with Recent-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: The TODAY Cohort at Baseline. The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2010, 96: 159-167. PMID: 20962021, PMCID: PMC3038479, DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1642.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsType 2 diabetesBlood pressureFamily historyBiochemical abnormalitiesRecent-onset type 2 diabetesLow high-density lipoprotein levelsRecent-Onset Type 2Body mass index z-scoreHigh-density lipoprotein levelsDiabetes care clinicMean diabetes durationYr of diagnosisTODAY cohortBody mass indexIndex z-scoreNon-Hispanic blacksLow socioeconomic statusBaseline data collectionParents/guardiansDiabetes durationBaseline characteristicsHigh triglyceridesCare clinicsLipoprotein levelsMass index
2008
Effect of a Successful Intensive Lifestyle Program on Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Tolerance in Obese Youth
Shaw M, Savoye M, Cali A, Dziura J, Tamborlane WV, Caprio S. Effect of a Successful Intensive Lifestyle Program on Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Tolerance in Obese Youth. Diabetes Care 2008, 32: 45-47. PMID: 18840769, PMCID: PMC2606827, DOI: 10.2337/dc08-0808.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntensive lifestyle programLifestyle programInsulin sensitivityObese youthBody fatGlucose metabolismLarge randomized clinical trialsOral glucose tolerance testGlucose tolerance testRandomized clinical trialsGlucose toleranceObese childrenControl subjectsTolerance testClinical trialsBody compositionBody weightSubject changesGreater decreaseSubjectsFatMetabolismBMIResearch designBright bodiesShort‐term metabolic and cardiovascular effects of metformin in markedly obese adolescents with normal glucose tolerance
Burgert TS, Duran EJ, Goldberg‐Gell R, Dziura J, Yeckel CW, Katz S, Tamborlane WV, Caprio S. Short‐term metabolic and cardiovascular effects of metformin in markedly obese adolescents with normal glucose tolerance. Pediatric Diabetes 2008, 9: 567-576. PMID: 18761646, DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00434.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNormal glucose toleranceInsulin sensitivityGlucose toleranceObese childrenDouble-blind clinical trialType 2 diabetes mellitusSubcutaneous fatCardio-metabolic consequencesBaseline insulin sensitivityImproved insulin sensitivityInsulin-resistant adolescentsHeart rate recoveryLong-term treatmentDeep subcutaneous fatShort-term useMagnetic resonance imagingPlacebo groupCardiovascular effectsDiabetes mellitusMetS groupClinical effectsLipid parametersInsulin sensitizersInflammatory cytokinesObese adolescents
2007
Effects of a Weight Management Program on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters in Overweight Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Savoye M, Shaw M, Dziura J, Tamborlane WV, Rose P, Guandalini C, Goldberg-Gell R, Burgert TS, Cali AM, Weiss R, Caprio S. Effects of a Weight Management Program on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters in Overweight Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2007, 297: 2697-2704. PMID: 17595270, DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.24.2697.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsWeight management programWeight management groupOverweight childrenMetabolic complicationsInsulin resistanceBody fatBody compositionControl groupArray of comorbiditiesMost overweight childrenSix-month improvementsHomeostasis model assessmentPediatric obesity clinicSerious metabolic complicationWeight management counselingType 2 diabetesMajor health issueFamily-based programsMixed ethnic groupsMonths of studyHOMA-IRObesity clinicOverweight adultsControlled TrialsPediatric obesityDegree of Obesity and Glucose Allostasis Are Major Effectors of Glucose Tolerance Dynamics in Obese Youth
Weiss R, Cali AM, Dziura J, Burgert TS, Tamborlane WV, Caprio S. Degree of Obesity and Glucose Allostasis Are Major Effectors of Glucose Tolerance Dynamics in Obese Youth. Diabetes Care 2007, 30: 1845-1850. PMID: 17475938, DOI: 10.2337/dc07-0325.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOral glucose tolerance testDegree of obesityElevated glucose levelsObese youthGlucose toleranceAmbient glycemiaInsulin sensitivityGlucose levelsSecond oral glucose tolerance testBaseline BMI z-scoreGlucose tolerance testBMI z-scoreAltered glucose metabolismCross-sectional analysisTolerance testInsulin sensitizationGlucose metabolismObesityZ-scoreLongitudinal assessmentLongitudinal changesMajor effectorGlycemiaSignificant reduction
2006
Alanine Aminotransferase Levels and Fatty Liver in Childhood Obesity: Associations with Insulin Resistance, Adiponectin, and Visceral Fat
Burgert TS, Taksali SE, Dziura J, Goodman TR, Yeckel CW, Papademetris X, Constable RT, Weiss R, Tamborlane WV, Savoye M, Seyal AA, Caprio S. Alanine Aminotransferase Levels and Fatty Liver in Childhood Obesity: Associations with Insulin Resistance, Adiponectin, and Visceral Fat. The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006, 91: 4287-4294. PMID: 16912127, DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-1010.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntrahepatic fat accumulationAlanine aminotransferase levelsHepatic fat fractionVisceral fatInsulin sensitivityMagnetic resonance imagingFat accumulationAminotransferase levelsMetabolic syndromeFatty liverInsulin resistanceChildhood obesityResonance imagingLipid metabolismNonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseHispanic race/ethnicityAbdominal fat partitioningSerum aminotransferase elevationFatty liver diseaseBiomarkers of inflammationHepatic fat accumulationReduced insulin sensitivityFat fractionRace/ethnicityAminotransferase elevationEthnic differences in beta cell adaptation to insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents
Weiss R, Dziura JD, Burgert TS, Taksali SE, Tamborlane WV, Caprio S. Ethnic differences in beta cell adaptation to insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents. Diabetologia 2006, 49: 571-579. PMID: 16456682, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0109-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEarly insulin responseObese childrenInsulin resistanceInsulin clearanceInsulin responseAims/hypothesisThe prevalenceObesity-related insulin resistanceOral glucose loadLower insulin clearanceType 2 diabetesAcute insulin responseGlucose tolerance levelsAltered glucose metabolismSevere insulin resistanceBeta-cell adaptationAfrican American subjectsEthnic groupsHypothesisThe prevalenceGlucose toleranceGlucose loadInsulin sensitivityGlucose metabolismMethodsSeven hundredClearanceHispanic origin
2005
Microalbuminuria in pediatric obesity: prevalence and relation to other cardiovascular risk factors
Burgert TS, Dziura J, Yeckel C, Taksali SE, Weiss R, Tamborlane W, Caprio S. Microalbuminuria in pediatric obesity: prevalence and relation to other cardiovascular risk factors. International Journal Of Obesity 2005, 30: 273-280. PMID: 16231019, DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803136.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsUrine albumin-creatinine ratioPresence of microalbuminuriaBody mass indexCV riskBlood pressureMetabolic syndromeRisk factorsIndividual CV risk factorsRelationship of microalbuminuriaAlbumin-creatinine ratioCardiovascular risk factorsCV risk factorsOral glucose toleranceInsulin sensitivity indexRisk factor constellationsEarly vasculopathyMicroalbuminuric rangeCardiovascular eventsCV diseaseGross proteinuriaInflammatory markersEndothelial dysfunctionNondiabetic adultsObesity clinicCreatinine ratioβ-Cell Function Across the Spectrum of Glucose Tolerance in Obese Youth
Weiss R, Caprio S, Trombetta M, Taksali SE, Tamborlane WV, Bonadonna R. β-Cell Function Across the Spectrum of Glucose Tolerance in Obese Youth. Diabetes 2005, 54: 1735-1743. PMID: 15919795, DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1735.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPredictors of Changes in Glucose Tolerance Status in Obese Youth
Weiss R, Taksali SE, Tamborlane WV, Burgert TS, Savoye M, Caprio S. Predictors of Changes in Glucose Tolerance Status in Obese Youth. Diabetes Care 2005, 28: 902-909. PMID: 15793193, DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.4.902.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOral glucose tolerance testImpaired glucose toleranceType 2 diabetesNormal glucose toleranceGlucose tolerance statusGlucose toleranceObese youthPredictors of changeObese childrenTolerance statusHigh riskGlucose tolerance testSevere obesityAfrican American descentTolerance testInsulin sensitivityC-peptideGlucose levelsDiabetesAnthropometric predictorsWeight changeAfrican American backgroundsPredictorsBaselineSubjectsThe “Obese Insulin-Sensitive” Adolescent: Importance of Adiponectin and Lipid Partitioning
Weiss R, Taksali SE, Dufour S, Yeckel CW, Papademetris X, Cline G, Tamborlane WV, Dziura J, Shulman GI, Caprio S. The “Obese Insulin-Sensitive” Adolescent: Importance of Adiponectin and Lipid Partitioning. The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2005, 90: 3731-3737. PMID: 15797955, DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-2305.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInsulin sensitivityVisceral fatLipid depositionObese insulin-resistant adolescentsObese insulin-sensitive subjectsNormal glucose tolerancePeripheral insulin sensitivityIntramyocellular lipid contentBody mass indexInsulin-sensitive subjectsHyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clampInsulin-resistant adolescentsInsulin-sensitive controlsWide interindividual variationLipid partitioningLower lipid depositionPercent body fatMagnetic resonance imagingImportance of adiponectinObese insulinObese groupGlucose toleranceMass indexObese adolescentsIntramyocellular lipids
2004
The Normal Glucose Tolerance Continuum in Obese Youth: Evidence for Impairment in β-Cell Function Independent of Insulin Resistance
Yeckel CW, Taksali SE, Dziura J, Weiss R, Burgert TS, Sherwin RS, Tamborlane WV, Caprio S. The Normal Glucose Tolerance Continuum in Obese Youth: Evidence for Impairment in β-Cell Function Independent of Insulin Resistance. The Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2004, 90: 747-754. PMID: 15522932, DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-1258.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBeta-cell responsivenessNormal glucose tolerancePlasma glucose levelsGlucose levelsGlucose toleranceInsulin sensitivityPlasma glucoseObese youthOral glucose tolerance testType 2 diabetes mellitusDecreased insulinogenic indexGlucose tolerance continuumGlucose tolerance testInsulin sensitivity indexContinuum of riskDelta insulinInsulinogenic indexDiabetes mellitusInsulin resistancePlasma levelsTolerance testNormal rangeFunction IndependentDlGlucose concentration