Faculty

Dr. Bastian is Professor of Internal Medicine and Chief of General Internal Medicine for the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. She is also Director of the Pain Research, Informatics, Multimorbidities, and Education (PRIME) Center, an interdisciplinary group that studies the complex interactions between pain and associated chronic disease and behavioral health factors, and develops and implements efficacious interventions to reduce unnecessary pain and suffering and overall disease burden. Her interests are in clinical decision support, women’s health, and smoking cessation.

Dr. Brandt is Professor of Emergency Medicine, Biostatistics and Anesthesiology, and Director of the Yale Center for Medical Informatics, and Division of Health Informatics. Dr. Brandt is trained and certified in preventive medicine, and completed a fellowship sponsored by the National Library of Medicine. Her research focuses on issues related to the design, development and implementation of informatics tools to enhance care concordant with practice guidelines, women’s health, and health informatics at the VA System.

Dr. Chaudhry is Associate Professor of Medicine (General Internal Medicine) and Director of the Yale Center for Healthcare Innovation, Redesign, and Learning (CHIRAL). She is an alumna of the RWJ Clinical Scholars Program. She is conducting a large-scale observational study, SILVER-AMI, funded by NHLBI, of 3000 older patients with acute myocardial infarction. The goal of this study is to understand how non-traditional risk factors, such as frailty and cognitive impairment, impact outcomes of this population. As Director of the Academic Hospitalist Program, she conducts work to improve the safety and quality of care for hospitalized patients. CHIRAL, supported by AHRQ, is studying care transitions into, within, and out of the hospital setting. In addition, Dr. Chaudhry leads the new Healthcare Innovations track of the National Clinician Scholars Program, which may serve as a “pipeline” program for YSIS.

Dr. Chupp is Professor of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary) and Director of the Yale Center for Asthma and Airways Disease (YCAAD). YCAAD research focuses on understanding the mediators and mechanisms underlying the development of asthma and other airway diseases. Its goals are to understand the pathogenesis of asthma, develop novel clinical tests to enhance treatment, and ultimately develop novel treatments and potential cures. Dr. Chupp was part of a recent NHLBI strategic planning group for asthma research that recommended an enhanced focus on implementation research to improve adherence to practice guidelines and mitigate the effects of disparities in asthma prevalence and treatment. 

Dr. Cleary is the C-E.A. Winslow Professor in Epidemiology and Public Health and Dean of the Yale School of Public Health. He is also a member of the National Academy of Medicine. His research focuses on patient-centered care and quality.  He is the PI of the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS IV), funded by AHRQ to develop survey protocols for collecting information from consumers regarding their health plans and services. He has worked extensively with the CMS CAHPS survey administered to Medicare beneficiaries. Dr. Cleary’s expertise in measuring patient satisfaction allows for mentoring opportunities for YSIS Scholars. Furthermore, as PI of the Meeting Community Needs across the Prevention Spectrum Prevention Research Center (PRC), Dr. Cleary can facilitate participation in community-based projects. His expertise in medical sociology, instrument development, and involvement in the patient-centered movements will be invaluable for Scholars performing original data collection. Dr. Cleary also has extensive experience in public and private partnerships to translate and disseminate research into practice.

Dr. Curtis is an Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and a cardiologist. Dr. Curtis directs the American College of Cardiology Analytic Center at Yale’s Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE). He led the development of registry-based outcome measures for CMS examining 30-day mortality following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and ICD, and currently oversees maintenance of registry measures, contributes to the development of measures, and assists in developing approaches to cardiovascular surveillance. Currently, he is conducting a mixed methods research study of hospitals that perform PCI. The study includes a qualitative component in which top performing hospitals will be visited to identify candidate strategies, and will then move to a quantitative survey of PCI hospitals to determine which strategies are most closely associated with better patient outcomes. 

Dr. Davis is Associate Professor of Public Health (Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases) and Medicine (Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep Medicine) at Yale. His research is based in Uganda and uses translational methods to improve TB diagnosis and evaluation in high-burden, resource-constrained settings. Ongoing projects span two general areas: 1) identifying TB biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring, and 2) using implementation science to improve TB case finding and linkage to care. Training and capacity-building are a core aspect of all research activities, and a focus of the Fogarty Pulmonary Complications of AIDS Research Training Program at Makerere University and Walimu (www.walimu.org), a non-profit that uses implementation science to improve care of severe acute illness in Uganda.

Dr. Desai is an Associate Professor of Epidemiology at the Yale School of Public Health. As a core faculty member in the Yale National Clinician Scholars Program, he coordinates the “Clinical and Health Services Research Methods” course and teaching the quantitative methods portion of the curriculum. His research interests focus on improving the quality and outcomes of care in complex and vulnerable populations, including persons with mental disorders, veterans, immigrants, and the elderly. At CORE, Dr. Desai collaborates with a multidisciplinary team of investigators, under contract with CMS, to develop statistical models that are used to measure and publicly report hospital clinical outcomes using Medicare administrative data.

Dr. D’Onofrio is Professor and Chair of Emergency Medicine at the Yale. She is internationally known for her work in screening ED patients for alcohol and other drug use, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT). She has received multiple R01s and a U01 from SAMHSA that trains residents in all primary care specialties in SBIRT. Dr. D’Onofrio is an investigator on the NHLBI-supported VIRGO trial that is studying the epidemiology of young women with heart attacks, enrolling at over 100 sites. 

Dr. Dziura is Professor of Emergency Medicine, Internal Medicine, Public Health, and Deputy Director of the Yale Center for Analytical Sciences.He has co-authored over 130 peer-reviewed articles with many Yale investigators, including Dr. Bernstein and many YSIS mentors. He has been active in training young investigators, both individually (as a mentor and statistical resource) and in classroom settings (where he developed a graduate-level course on biostatistics). His primary interests are in the impact of obesity on youth, and the design and analysis of longitudinal studies, including clinical trials. 

Dr. Evans is Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and the Director of the Yale Center for Medical Simulation. Her research focuses on the transfer of clinical skills from the simulation laboratory to the hospital setting. Her focus has been on central venous catheter insertion performance by resident physicians. She was the first to demonstrate fewer real-world complications from central line insertion performed by residents trained in the simulation laboratory. She is currently investigating decay in procedural skills.

Dr. Fiellin has focused his scholarly work on the interface between primary care, HIV and addiction. He is a primary care internist Board Certified in Internal Medicine and Addiction Medicine.  He serves as the inaugural Director of the Yale Program in Addiction Medicine. He conducts research on the transfer of treatment strategies, including opioid agonist maintenance with methadone and buprenorphine, from specialized settings to office-based, primary care, Emergency Department and HIV specialty settings. He has served as Principal Investigator on multiple NIH-funded trials and directed the SAMHSA Physician Clinical Support System for buprenorphine. He is the Director of the Community Research and Implementation Core at Yale's Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS. He has received awards including the Nyswander/Dole Award from the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence, the 2008 Annual Award from the American Society of Addiction Medicine, the Excellence in Mentorship Award from AMERSA and the Dan Anderson Research Award from the Hazelden-Betty Ford Foundation. He has served on the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), Drug Control Research, Data, and Evaluation Advisory Committee, and the World Health Organization and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Technical Guideline Development Group for psychosocially assisted pharmacologic treatment of opioid dependence. He served as Chair of the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment's, Treatment Improvement Protocol on Treatment of Viral Hepatitis in Patients with Substance Use Disorders and

on the Editorial Boards of Substance Abuse and the Journal of Addiction Medicine and is Co-Editor of Alcohol, Other Drugs & Health: Current Evidence and the Principles of Addiction Medicine, 4th, 5th and 6th Edition. He has served on the Board of Directors of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence and as Co-Chair of the Substance Abuse Task Force for the Society of General Internal Medicine.

Dr. Grey is the Dean Emerita and Annie W. Goodrich Professor at the Yale School of Nursing. A pediatric nurse practitioner, Dr. Grey’s research has focused on the study of behavioral interventions that improve metabolic control of diabetes and the quality of life in young people and their parents, as well as the prevention of type 2 diabetes in high-risk youth. She has been instrumental in the development of practice-based research networks in nursing. Recent work has focused on the implementation of a school-based program for obesity prevention. 

Dr. Gross is a Professor in the Department of Medicine and Director of the NCSP. His research has focused on cancer in vulnerable populations, with a particular emphasis on clinical trial participation and the impact of chronic illness on cancer care and outcomes. He has received NIH grants to use the SEER-Medicare dataset to explore barriers to trial enrollment as well as the impact of non-cancer illnesses on older cancer patients. He partners with other investigators at Yale on implementation studies related to use of diagnostic imaging in renal colic, cancer, and other conditions. Dr. Gross also works with Dr. Krumholz on the Yale Open Data Access Project, which seeks to make clinical trial data widely available to investigators. 

Dr. Hendrickson is Associate Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Pediatrics, the Associate Director of the Transfusion Service at Yale-New Haven Hospital, and the Medical Director of the Apheresis Service at Yale-New Haven Hospital. She studies complications of transfusion therapy, particularly that of antibody formation. In addition to developing strategies to prevent RBC alloimmunization, she also works on the REDS-III study to identify strategies to implement safer transfusion practices nationwide. She is a member of the Yale Cooperative Center for Excellence in Hematology, a multi-center collaborative that uses emerging technologies to better understand diseases of the blood. 

Dr. Hsiao is Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine at Yale, and the Chief Medical Information Officer for the Yale School of Medicine and Yale-New Haven Health System. He led the successful implementation of the Epic electronic medical record system across the Yale healthcare enterprise, and has worked with Dr. Bernstein on his NHLBI-funded study of implementing electronic decision support for the treatment of tobacco dependence among hospitalized smokers. Additional interests include the use of mobile health technologies to enhance patient access to their own records, and telemedicine.

Harlan Krumholz is a cardiologist and health care researcher at Yale University and Yale-New Haven Hospital. He received a BS from Yale, an MD from Harvard Medical School, and a Masters in Health Policy and Management from the Harvard University School of Public Health. He is the Harold H. Hines, Jr. Professor of Medicine and Director of the Yale Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), one of the nation’s first and most productive research units dedicated to producing innovations to improve patient outcomes and promote better population health. He is also a Director of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, which prepares talented physicians to become future health care leaders.

Dr. Krumholz has been honored by membership in the Institute of Medicine, the Association of American Physicians, and the American Society for Clinical Investigation. He was named a Distinguished Scientist of the American Heart Association. He was elected to the Board of Trustees of the American College of Cardiology and the Board of Directors of the American Board of Internal Medicine, and was appointed by the U.S. government to the Board of Governors of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. He is a 2014 recipient of the Friendship Award from the People’s Republic of China in recognition of his collaborative efforts to develop a national cardiovascular research network.

Dr. Krumholz is the editor of Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, and editor of CardioExchange, a social media site of the publisher of the New England Journal of Medicine. He has published more than 800 articles and is the author of two books, one on smoking cessation and another on reducing the risk of heart disease. He has a regular blog on Forbes.com and has contributed to the New York Times Wellness blog, the New York Times op-ed page, and National Public Radio Shots blog.

Dr. Kryger is Professor of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary) and Clinical Professor of Nursing. His research has had a strong impact on clinical practice. He was the first to show the feasibility of using noninvasive techniques to ventilate people with post-polio syndrome in their homes. He reported the first use of computers in analyzing sleep breathing patterns and validated techniques of monitoring in which diagnostic data as well as therapeutic data on CPAP is obtained during the same night. His research programs obtained funding from government and industry sources from Canada, France, and the U.S. He is the author of practice guidelines addressing sleep, and the editor of two standard texts of sleep medicine.

Dr. Lampert is Professor of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) and an electrophysiologist. Her research foci include the links between psychological stress and sudden cardiac death, and the use of heart rate variability to measure acute and chronic stress. A newer line of investigation involves developing and disseminating criteria for termination of implantable defibrillator (AICD) function in individuals with limited life expectancy. Dr. Lampert first-authored guidelines for the Heart Rhythm Society on the termination of AICD function, and is now studying the impact on practice of those guidelines.

Dr. Langhan is Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, and Director of the fellowship program in pediatric EM. Early research focused on the use of bedside technology, including capnography, spirometry and bedside ultrasonography to improve the safety of ED care. Current work focuses on capnography, assessing its use to monitor ventilation in patients with acute asthma exacerbations, altered mental status, procedural sedation and endotracheal intubation. She now focuses on D&I research related to capnography, including studying barriers and facilitators to its implementation into acute care settings. Melissa also is engaged in both local and multicenter collaborative research in medical education. She serves on the Subspecialty Pediatric Investigative Network and the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship Directors Committee.

Dr. Martino is Professor of Psychiatry and Chief of Psychology at the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. He specializes in the treatment of addictive disorders and of patients diagnosed with co-occurring psychiatric problems, with specific interests in motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, group work, use of brief interventions in medical settings, and clinical supervision. Much of his work focuses on tobacco control. Current research focuses on strategies for disseminating and implementing empirically supported treatments in community treatment programs and medical settings.

Dr. McNamara is Associate Professor of Internal Medicine (Cardiology). His research centers on evaluating the use of evidence-based medicine on the diagnosis and management of patients with heart disease. A specific focus is to identify areas with significant variation in care, and provide a sound base of evidence to guide treatment. Methodologies include primary data collection, secondary data analysis, meta-analyses, cost-effectiveness analysis, qualitative studies, establishing clinical practice guidelines and data standards, and promoting quality assurance and improvement. Current projects include designing ways to evaluate hospital performance in treating patients with acute myocardial infarction through use of the electronic health record, and establishing quality performance standards for noninvasive cardiac imaging.

Dr. Moore is Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and Section Chief of Ultrasound at Yale. He established and has directed the Emergency Ultrasound Section for 13 years. He founded the Yale Emergency Ultrasound Fellowship, and is a pioneer in the use of point-of-care ultrasound. His research interests are in diagnostic testing in the ED. He is currently funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to disseminate and implement nationally a protocol that minimizes radiation exposure for patients undergoing CT imaging for renal colic (R18HS023778).

Dr. Nunez-Smith, MD, MHS, is an Associate Professor at the Yale School of Medicine, Associate Professor at the Yale School of Public Health, Director of the Equity Research and Innovation Center, Director of the Center for Research Engagement, Core Faculty in the National Clinician Scholars Program, and Deputy Director at the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation. Dr. Nunez-Smith’s research focuses on promoting healthcare equity for vulnerable populations with an emphasis on healthcare workforce development, patient assessment of healthcare experiences, and healthcare system strengthening to address chronic disease in low and middle resource settings. She is the principal investigator on several NIH and foundation-funded research projects, including an NIH-fund project to develop a tool to assess patient reported experiences of discrimination in healthcare. In 2011 she received NIH funding to establish the Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes and Research Network (ECHORN), a research collaborative across four Eastern Caribbean islands that will recruit and follow a community-dwelling adult cohort to examine chronic disease burden and to enhance health outcomes research and leadership capacity in the region. Dr. Nunez-Smith has received numerous awards including the Association of American Medical College’s Herbert W. Nicken’s Faculty Fellowship in 2008 in recognition of her contributions to healthcare workforce diversity and healthcare equity research and a 2011 American Medical Student Association’s Women Leaders in Medicine award. Dr. Nunez-Smith has a BA from Swarthmore College, an MD from Jefferson Medical College, and an MHS from Yale University.

YCCI Scholar 2006

Project: 03/01/07 - 08/31/08

Development of an instrument to measure self-reported experiences of discrimination in health care systems

Dr. Pérez-Escamilla is Professor in the Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology at the Yale School of Public Health. His health disparities research involves assessing the impact of community health workers at improving behavioral and metabolic outcomes among Latinos with type 2 diabetes. His research program has been funded with over $18 million from the NIH and other federal agencies. He chairs the International Nutrition Council of the American Society for Nutrition and is president-elect of the International Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation. He has been a senior adviser to maternal-child community nutrition programs and household food security projects nationally and internationally.

Dr. Pisani is Associate Professor of Internal Medicine (Pulmonary) and of Nursing.  Recent research focuses on outcomes in older ICU patients. She has looked at the prevalence of pre-existing cognitive impairment of patients admitted to the MICU and physician recognition of the impairment. She is interested in delirium, its pathogenesis, treatment and impact on outcomes. She is currently studying sleep in ICU patients, examining risk factors for sleep disruption, use of portable polysomnography in the ICU, and the impact of sleep deprivation on delirium and other ICU outcomes. Another recent paper calls for greater used of community-based participatory research (CBPR) to understand pulmonary health disparities. 

Dr. Redlich is Professor of Internal Medicine (Occupational Medicine), and Director of the Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program. Her clinical practice and research focus on occupational and environmental lung diseases, in particular work-related asthma. She has co-authored a research agenda calling for greater implementation studies in the prevention of exposure to isocyanate, an important cause of occupational asthma.

Dr. Safdar is Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine and Director of the Yale New Haven Hospital Chest Pain Center. Her interests include women’s health, including disparities in cardiovascular health and unexplained chest pain. Dr. Safdar has implemented hospital-wide protocols for the evidence-based management of acute coronary syndromes. As Director of the Chest Pain Center, she has implemented new models of care to enhance the Chest Pain Center’s adherence to practice guidelines, via streamlined protocols, electronic decision support, data analytics, and a database to track outcome measures.

Dr. Shapiro, Professor of Pediatrics, Epidemiology, and Investigative Medicine, is also Vice Chair for Research in the Department of Pediatrics, Director of Child Health Research at YCCI/CTSA, and Co-Director of Education at YCCI/CTSA. He is an experienced clinical epidemiologist and expert in patient-oriented research. He directs courses in grant writing and in the design and analysis of clinical and translational studies. He has had continuous funding from NIH since 1983. Dr. Shapiro has trained a generation of clinical investigators at Yale, most of whom are now independently funded faculty at leading academic institutions. He also teaches a course to train faculty to be effective mentors. 

Dr. Sharifi is a general pediatrician and health services researcher in the Department of Pediatrics. Her research is focused on improving decision-making in pediatric primary care to promote health behavior change, prevent chronic disease, and reduce health disparities. Specifically, she studies the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and implementation of novel primary care-based interventions for childhood obesity and tobacco smoke exposure that leverage decision support delivered to clinicians via the electronic health record and to patients and families via remote and mobile technologies.

Dr. Jody Sindelar is a professor of public health, health economist and public policy expert at the Yale School of Public Health (YSPH) and the Department of Health Policy and Management within YSPH, as well as with the Yale Economics Department. She is a health economist, and the past President of the American Society of Health Economists. Dr. Sindelar is an expert on the economics of substance abuse, including smoking. Her studies address lost productivity, cost-effectiveness of treatments, social costs, and policy.

Dr. Snyder is a Professor of Laboratory Medicine and Director of the Blood Bank at Yale. His research relates to the broad field of Transfusion Medicine. His implementation research focuses on improving the safety of the US blood supply, and advancing techniques in pathogen reduction, via leadership of the REDS project. This includes the addition of various compounds to blood to remove known and potentially dangerous, as well as unknown, pathologic agents. He co-edits a textbook of transfusion medicine.

Donna Spiegelman was appointed the Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Biostatistics at the Yale School of Public Health in 2018. As one of the few people in the world with a joint doctorate in biostatistics and epidemiology, she can freely speak the languages of both disciplines and switch between these two professional cultures, playing the role of interlocutor for either. Her research is motivated by problems which arise in epidemiology and require biostatistical solutions. In particular, but by no means exclusively, she has focused on methods for study design and data analysis which reduce bias in estimation and inference due to measurement error or misclassification in the exposure variable. She has extensive experience in troubleshooting and solving methodological issues that arise in longitudinal investigations, in clinical trials, and in large scale public health effectiveness evaluations. 

Dr. Spiegelman, formerly at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, had a dynamic role as a professor, mentor, and an expert statistician. She was the recipient of the NIH Director’s Pioneer Award and  recently the recipient of the CAWF (Committee on the Advancement of Women Faculty) Mentoring Award.

Dr. Tanoue is Professor and Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs in the Department of Internal Medicine, in the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. Her clinical interests focus on thoracic oncology and implementation of lung cancer screening. She is Clinic Chief in the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Co-director of the Yale Cancer Center Thoracic Oncology Program, and Director of the Lung Screening and Nodule Program. Dr. Tanoue serves on numerous national committees, including the American College of Chest Physicians lung cancer guidelines writing committee and Thoracic Oncology Network steering committee, the American Thoracic Society Thoracic Oncology Assembly Executive Committee.

Dr. Wang is an Associate Professor of Internal Medicine. Her research focuses on promoting health equity for individuals and communities affected by mass incarceration, especially through designing prison and community-based interventions which focus on community assets. She has developed expertise in training former prisoners to become community health workers and researchers. She is Co-Founder of the Transitions Clinic Network, a consortium of 25 community health centers nationwide dedicated to caring for recently released prisoners and defining best practices for the health care of these individuals. In 2012, this network was awarded the CMS Innovation Award to provide care to over 2,000 high-risk, high-cost patients returning from prison and to train and employ former prisoners as community health workers. Dr. Wang is the PI on an NHLBI-funded project to study cardiovascular outcomes in patients with a history of incarceration and PI on an NIMHD-fudned project to study how community members can mitigate the community impacts of gun violence.

Robin Whittemore is a Professor at Yale School of Nursing, Director of the PhD program, and the Co-Director of the National Clinician Scholars Program at Yale. Dr. Whittemore’s research focus is on lifestyle change to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes as well as the psychosocial adjustment to chronic illness. Initially her work focused on adults with type 2 diabetes, specifically in translating theory-based interventions with established efficacy into a new setting, such as modifying the Diabetes Prevention Program for delivery by nurse practitioners in primary care and by visiting nurses and community health workers (CHWs) in subsidized housing. She has modified behavioral interventions for adults and adolescents to a technology platform. She has translated an in-person coping skills training program and an obesity prevention program for youth to the internet and has used text messaging to provide a positive psychology intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes, Currently, she is developing an internet program for parents of adolescents with type 1 diabetes, and modifying a group-based program for adults of low socioeconomic status with T2D in Mexico that includes a theory-based mHealth component.

Activities:

• Teens with type 1 diabetes, (South Central University, Changsha China). Collaboration with Dr. Jia Guo to adapt and evaluate a coping skills training program for tees with type 1 diabetes in China.
• Gestational diabetes, (South Central University, Changsha China). Collaboration with Dr. Jia Guo to evaluate a lifestyle change program for rural women in China with a history of gestational diabetes
• Adults with type 2 diabetes, (Iberoamerica University, Mexico City, Mexico). Collaboration with Dr. Rafael Perez Escamilla, Dr. Vilar Compte, and Ana Bertha Perez to evaluate a self-management program plus mHealth for adults with type 2 diabetes in Seguro Popular Clinics.

Dr. Yaggi is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Yale and Director of the Yale Program in Sleep Medicine. He is board certified in Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, and is based at the West Haven VA Hospital. His research is in sleep-disordered breathing, with a focus on the health implications of sleep apnea and an emphasis on informing clinical care. His work has 3 specific foci: sleep apnea as a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes; prognostic factors for adverse cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes in patients with sleep-disordered breathing; and the effect of implementing sleep interventions on cardiovascular risk.