Abdominal Imaging
The Abdominal Imaging Section consists of world class faculty who provide clinical expertise in abdominal and pelvic pathology across various imaging modalities. Equipped with highly sophisticated and cutting-edge technology, we provide comprehensive and advanced Body MR, Body CT and fluoroscopy (GI/GU) imaging services that encompass a full range of diseases in adults. We work closely with our clinical colleagues, participating in several weekly tumor boards (GI, GU, Liver donor, Pancreaticobiliary, Prostate, Liver tumor) and provide expert subspecialty outside interpretation reads for patients transferred from other facilities.
Clinical Information
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The Body MRI service includes four 3.0T (Siemens Verio and Skyra) and three 1.5T (Siemens Avanto, Espree, and Aera) scanners within Yale New Haven Hospital, one off-site 1.5T (GE HD) scanner in a nearby facility, and three 3T (Siemens, 2 Skyra and 1 Vida) scanner at a separate off-site facilities. In addition, we have a 1.5T (Siemens, Aera) and 3.0T (Siemens, Vida) at Yale New Haven Hospital Saint Raphael Campus.
The Body CT service presently utilizes 12 CT scanners in total across various sites. These are composed of eight 64 slice scanners, three Dual energy scanners ( 2 x 192 slices) and one 128 slice scanner.
While the section specializes in all adult diseases that afflict the abdomen and pelvis, our clinical efforts are focused on high end oncology imaging, including, but not limited to the following: hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gynecologic malignancies, prostate adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, adrenal neoplasms, small and large bowel neoplasms (including rectal adenocarcinoma) retroperitoneal sarcomas, urothelial neoplasms and lymphoma.
Some of our more common non-oncology work includes imaging of transplants, MR defecography, MR/CT enterography, MRI perianal fistula exams, evaluation of uterine anomalies, MR imaging for pregnant appendicitis, placental abnormalities, and benign biliary obstruction. We provide a broad spectrum of fluoroscopy exams at several facilities including esophagrams, upper GI series, small bowel follows, rectal enemas, loopograms and modified barium swallow studies. Being a tertiary care referral center, our faculty also provide near 24-hour sub-specialty coverage for a wide variety of complex inpatient imaging exams.
Virtual imaging studies (e.g. CT colonography), CT angiography (CTA) of the abdominal and pelvis, Dual Energy CTs and advanced MR imaging techniques such as MR elastography, Liver Iron and Fat Quantification are routinely performed.
Research Directions
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- MRI Prostate
- PSMA PET
- Liver Tumors
- Liver disease
- LIRADS
- Pancreatic masses
- Gastrointestinal radiology
- Imaging of renal masses
- CTA for gastrointestinal bleeding
- The role of CT/MRI redefining adult anatomy
- Benign and malignant gynecologic masses
- 3-D imaging
- Technical evaluation of new CT/MRI systems
- Radiation dose reduction at CT scanning
- Contrast media (CT and MRI)
- Health services research
- Image processing
- Quality and safety (CT and MRI)
- Immune responses of minimally invasive therapies
- Imaging of immunotherapy
- AI and machine learning
Education
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The Abdominal Imaging Section is a cornerstone to the teaching mandate of both the Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Residency programs. All residents rotate through the various services (Body CT, Body MR, GI/GU) and education takes place through daily readouts as well as a dedicated weekly conference with a curriculum which cycles on a 1-year basis.
The faculty also participate in the weekly Body Division Club conference where they lend their expertise to interesting cases shown by the fellows. The Abdominal Imaging section also provides a separate lecture series to our fellows which is divided amongst the faculty in the Body Division.
Medical students and physicians from other services (internal medicine, family medicine) routinely rotate through our various services and we regularly provide our expertise to help educate the CT and MRI technologists.
Publications
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2026
- Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCycle-consistent generative adversarial networkGenerative adversarial networkVisual Turing testGround-truth imagesAdversarial networkSingle-center datasetDeep learningHepatocellular carcinomaMRI examsSymmetric mean absolute percent errorTuring testPerformance metricsGround truthDisease diagnosingCirrhosis patientsQuantitative metricsOverlap metricsImage qualityMulti-reader studyPrecontrast sequencesLiver Imaging ReportingMetricsContrast media useContrast-enhanced MRIEvaluate similarities
Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of Fibromuscular Dysplasia.
Sailer A, Solomon N, Cahill A, Kim E, Dixe de Oliveira Santo I, Sullivan A, Pellerito J, Czeyda-Pommersheim F, Malhotra A, Marino A, Katz D, Revzin M. Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of Fibromuscular Dysplasia. RadioGraphics 2026, 46: e240239. PMID: 41642726, PMCID: PMC12973093, DOI: 10.1148/rg.240239.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsDiagnosis of fibromuscular dysplasiaFibromuscular dysplasiaPresence of aneurysmsVascular bedPotential complicationsEarly diagnosisComplication of fibromuscular dysplasiaMultifocal fibromuscular dysplasiaFeatures of fibromuscular dysplasiaBlood pressure managementTreatment of fibromuscular dysplasiaArea of stenosisNonatherosclerotic arteriopathySmall-caliber arteriesFocal fibromuscular dysplasiaMultivessel involvementMesenteric arteryClinical manifestationsSubarachnoid hemorrhageDevastating complicationsAngiographic appearanceArtery occlusionPrompt interventionMultifocal manifestationsCarotid arteryThe Utility of Elastography in Discriminating Stages of Liver Fibrosis and Risk Stratification in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Systematic Review
Hashemi P, Boyer J, Langdon J. The Utility of Elastography in Discriminating Stages of Liver Fibrosis and Risk Stratification in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Systematic Review. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2026, 63: 938-958. PMID: 41709322, DOI: 10.1002/jmri.70266.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsPrimary sclerosing cholangitisVibration controlled transient elastographyMayo risk scoreStage of liver fibrosisRisk stratificationAcoustic radiation force impulseLiver fibrosisSclerosing cholangitisFibrosis biomarkersLiver stiffnessMagnetic resonance elastographyRisk stratification of patientsSystematic reviewAssessment of liver fibrosisPoint shear-wave elastographyTotal liver volumeStratification of patientsTechnical failure rateChronic autoimmune diseasePattern of fibrosisStaging liver fibrosisOperator-independent techniqueShear-wave elastographyBiliary stricturesLiver volumeAssociation between baseline prostate MRI PI-RADS classification and risk of Gleason upgrade during active surveillance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Smani S, Sohoni N, Miszczyk M, Fazekas T, Rajwa P, Grimshaw A, Sundaresan V, Lokeshwar S, Weinreb J, Sprenkle P, Cooperberg M, Seibert T, Shariat S, Catalona W, Leapman M. Association between baseline prostate MRI PI-RADS classification and risk of Gleason upgrade during active surveillance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal Of Urology 2026, 44: 169. PMID: 41691567, DOI: 10.1007/s00345-026-06278-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsPI-RADS 1PI-RADS 4Favorable risk prostate cancerRisk prostate cancerGleason grade groupPI-RADSProstate cancerMagnetic resonance imagingActive surveillanceGG upgradingRisk of biasDetection of high-grade prostate cancerRisk of Gleason upgradingHigh-grade prostate cancerProstate magnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance imaging findingsPI-RADS 3PI-RADS 5PI-RADS classificationPI-RADS scoreProstate Imaging-ReportingRisk of upgradeMeta-analysisRandom-effects meta-analysis modelROBINS-I toolStrong‐Gradient Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using an Inside‐Out Nonlinear Gradient Coil
Zhang H, Elsaid N, Nixon T, Dewdney A, Peters D, Weinreb J, Sprenkle P, Constable R, Galiana G. Strong‐Gradient Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging of Prostate Cancer Using an Inside‐Out Nonlinear Gradient Coil. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 2026, 95: 2671-2688. PMID: 41505274, PMCID: PMC12962214, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.70252.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsDiffusion-weighted imagingProstate diffusion-weighted imagingLesion contrast-to-noise ratioApparent diffusion coefficientContrast-to-noise ratioEcho-planar imagingGradient coilsSignal-to-noise ratioImaging of prostate cancerRestricted diffusion componentsDiffusion-weighted imaging protocolProstate positionContrast ratioProstate cancerModerate b-valuesGradient acquisitionsLesion conspicuityProstateLesionsShort TERestricted diffusionPlanar imagingDiffuse componentEddy currentsGeometric distortionQuality Improvement Report: Decreasing Incorrectly Scheduled Screening US for Hip Dysplasia in Premature Infants.
Asch D, Gunabushanam G, van Luling J, Ehrlich L, Knoth L, Pahade J. Quality Improvement Report: Decreasing Incorrectly Scheduled Screening US for Hip Dysplasia in Premature Infants. RadioGraphics 2026, 46: e250072. PMID: 41343295, DOI: 10.1148/rg.250072.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsElectronic health recordsPremature infantsAuthors' institutionPlan-Do-Study-Act cyclesPlan-Do-Study-ActWeeks CGAQuality improvement projectScreening USUS examinationPediatric radiologistsFalse-positive rateScreening examinationDevelopmental dysplasiaRisk factorsInfantsHealth recordsImprovement projectDysplasiaBaseline rateExaminationHip dysplasiaWeeksUndue stressCgAHipID#: 2211615 RV/LV Blood Pool T2 Ratio as a Predictive Biomarker in Pulmonary Hypertension: Prediction of Hospitalization in Combined Pre- and Postcapillary Patients
Buber I, Singh I, Heerdt P, Huber S, Feher A, Xiang J, Sevgican C, Lamy J, Joseph P, Peters D. ID#: 2211615 RV/LV Blood Pool T2 Ratio as a Predictive Biomarker in Pulmonary Hypertension: Prediction of Hospitalization in Combined Pre- and Postcapillary Patients. Journal Of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2026, 28: 102145. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.102145.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchID#: 2211953 Estimating Blood Oxygen Saturation with T2 maps: Evaluation in Pulmonary Hypertension
Peters D, Singh I, Phillip J, Huber S, Xiang J, Lamy J, Sevgican C, Buber I. ID#: 2211953 Estimating Blood Oxygen Saturation with T2 maps: Evaluation in Pulmonary Hypertension. Journal Of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2026, 28: 102265. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2025.102265.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2025
Developing Algorithm-Based Recommendations in the ACR: Defining a New Process
Kang S, Hoang J, Alkasab T, Bello J, Berland L, Bronner J, Chatfield M, Kurth D, Pisano E, Rawson J, Seidenwurm D, Weinreb J, Zafar H, Pandharipande P. Developing Algorithm-Based Recommendations in the ACR: Defining a New Process. Journal Of The American College Of Radiology 2025, 23: 312-317. PMID: 41212134, DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2025.09.018.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords and ConceptsQuantitative evaluation of recto-prostatic distance before and after SpaceOAR hydrogel placement
Ebrahimian S, Mishyn P, Arora S, Israel G. Quantitative evaluation of recto-prostatic distance before and after SpaceOAR hydrogel placement. Clinical Radiology 2025, 92: 107150. PMID: 41338158, DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2025.107150.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHydrogel placementMagnetic resonance imagingFood and Drug AdministrationMid-glandRadiation toxicityConsecutive patientsStandard therapyProstate cancerSpaceOARProstateDrug AdministrationSagittal viewToxic purposesAxial viewRadiation exposureRectumResonance imagingPatientsPlacementTherapyCancerMicrosoft ExcelMidlineAdministrationComparative Analysis of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System and Prostate Imaging After Focal Ablation Scoring Systems in the Postfocal Therapy Assessment of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer
Sivanesan N, Diaz G, Tan W, Arora S, Sprenkle P. Comparative Analysis of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System and Prostate Imaging After Focal Ablation Scoring Systems in the Postfocal Therapy Assessment of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer. Urology Practice 2025, 13: 11-12. PMID: 40986434, DOI: 10.1097/upj.0000000000000899.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchA Nonlinear Single Channel Gradient Insert for Prostate Diffusion Imaging
Elsaid N, Zhang H, Fettahoglu A, Sun C, De Simone A, Nixon T, Dewdney A, Peters D, Weinreb J, Constable T, Galiana G. A Nonlinear Single Channel Gradient Insert for Prostate Diffusion Imaging. Magnetic Resonance In Medicine 2025, 95: 1833-1846. PMID: 41078149, PMCID: PMC13006828, DOI: 10.1002/mrm.70125.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsConceptsForm factorsMagnet boreMaximum slew rateGradient coilsSolenoid coilGradient insertDiffusion weightingUnconventional geometriesPeripheral nerve stimulationCompact form factorGradient amplitudeADC mapsPhantomNonlinear gradientsHuman scansDiffusion imagingFeasibility of diffusion-weighted imagingEddy currentsProstate regionDiffusion-weighted imagingStrong gradientsIsocenterAcoustic propertiesNerve stimulationCoilImaging of Trauma in Pregnant Patients.
Langdon J, Chai N, Patel A, Steenburg S, Itani M, Katz D, Moshiri M, Revzin M. Imaging of Trauma in Pregnant Patients. RadioGraphics 2025, 45: e240043. PMID: 40966129, DOI: 10.1148/rg.240043.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsPlacental abruptionPregnant patientsEvaluation of pregnant patientsPregnant trauma patientsImaging modalitiesElectronic fetal monitoringRisk of exposure to ionizing radiationExposure to ionizing radiationMaternal stabilizationFetal monitoringObstetric abnormalitiesRadiological evaluationFetal ageTrauma patientsClinical challengeGeneral radiologistsPotential riskPregnancyContrast mediumAccurate diagnosisImaging assessmentPatientsClinical concernManagement pathwayTraumatic injuryDecreasing inappropriate MRCP with contrast exams: impact of an EMR-Embedded clinical care pathway
Asch D, Gunabushanam G, Cole K, Holland C, Pahade J. Decreasing inappropriate MRCP with contrast exams: impact of an EMR-Embedded clinical care pathway. Abdominal Radiology 2025, 50: 5774-5781. PMID: 40439723, DOI: 10.1007/s00261-025-05022-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPlan-Do-Study-ActClinical care pathwayCare pathwaysClinical appropriatenessPlan-do-study-act cycle 1Clinical guidanceElectronic medical recordsReduce healthcare costsChi-square testHealthcare costsEmergency departmentMedical recordsResultsAt baselinePatient characteristicsAppropriate ordersStudy periodResource useProvidersStatistical significanceBaselineExamAppropriatenessIV contrastIntravenous contrastGadolinium exposureDiagnostic Excellence: An Opportunity, and Call to Action, for Radiologists.
Gunabushanam G, Asch D, Pahade J. Diagnostic Excellence: An Opportunity, and Call to Action, for Radiologists. American Journal Of Roentgenology 2025, 225: e2532753. PMID: 40366790, DOI: 10.2214/ajr.25.32753.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetric1694 Association between prostate MRI PI-RADS classification and risk of Gleason upgrade during active surveillance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Smani S, Sohoni N, Miszczyk M, Fazekas T, Rajwa P, Grimshaw A, Sundaresan V, Lokeshwar S, Weinreb J, Sprenkle P, Cooperburg M, Seibert T, Catalona W, Leapman M. 1694 Association between prostate MRI PI-RADS classification and risk of Gleason upgrade during active surveillance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiotherapy And Oncology 2025, 206: s1969-s1970. DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(25)00610-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMP06-19 DEEP LEARNING PROSTATE SEGMENTATION MODULE TO ASSIST IN MRI-GUIDED TRANSURETHRAL ULTRASOUND (TULSA) TREATMENT PLANNING: VALIDATION STUDY AND REAL-WORLD PERFORMANCE
Markhong Y, Sprenkle P, Pavlovich C, Klotz L, Scionti S, Pathak R, Dora C, Busch J, Arora S, Ghanouni P, Oto A, Moin A, Karamanian A, Costa D, Woodrum D, Leung B, Wright C, Princenthal R, Raman S, Steiner E. MP06-19 DEEP LEARNING PROSTATE SEGMENTATION MODULE TO ASSIST IN MRI-GUIDED TRANSURETHRAL ULTRASOUND (TULSA) TREATMENT PLANNING: VALIDATION STUDY AND REAL-WORLD PERFORMANCE. Journal Of Urology 2025, 213: e151. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0001109752.81014.18.19.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchDecoding Erdheim–Chester Disease: a Pictorial Essay of the Radiologic and Pathologic Findings, and its Main Differential Diagnoses
de Oliveira Santo I, Lerner G, Rubinowitz A, Fadel S, Chen M, Mojibian H, Mathur M. Decoding Erdheim–Chester Disease: a Pictorial Essay of the Radiologic and Pathologic Findings, and its Main Differential Diagnoses. Clinical Radiology 2025, 85: 106873. PMID: 40215805, DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2025.106873.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricMeSH Keywords and ConceptsConceptsErdheim-Chester diseaseManagement of Erdheim–Chester diseaseEvaluate disease extentMolecular mutation analysisClonal myeloid neoplasmsMonitoring Treatment ResponsePotential diagnostic pitfallsModern treatment strategiesPictorial essayDecades of lifeAffected organ systemsCentral nervous systemUnder-recognised conditionNonspecific presentationMyeloid neoplasmsDiagnostic suspicionDisease extentRadiological findingsTargeted therapyFoamy histiocytesClinical featuresPI3K-Akt pathwayDiagnostic pitfallsHistiocytic neoplasmsImaging findingsMultimodality imaging review of retroperitoneal fibrosis
Czerniak S, Mathur M. Multimodality imaging review of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Abdominal Radiology 2025, 50: 4450-4468. PMID: 40035807, DOI: 10.1007/s00261-025-04847-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricConceptsRetroperitoneal fibrosisSecondary causesEvaluation of retroperitoneal fibrosisAssociated with autoimmune diseasesNonspecific clinical presentationIgG4 related diseasePotential diagnostic pitfallsDiffusion weighted imagingMagnetic resonance imagingAdvanced imaging techniquesPET/CT imagingClinical presentationMultimodality imaging reviewVenous stenosisClinical featuresDiagnostic pitfallsFibroinflammatory diseaseImaging findingsAutoimmune diseasesImaging reviewInflammatory disordersIdiopathic diseaseTreatment approachesImaging appearanceImaging modalitiesComparative Performance of Machine Learning Models in Reducing Unnecessary Targeted Prostate Biopsies
Chen F, Esmaili R, Khajir G, Zeevi T, Gross M, Leapman M, Sprenkle P, Justice A, Arora S, Weinreb J, Spektor M, Huber S, Humphrey P, Levi A, Staib L, Venkataraman R, Martin D, Onofrey J. Comparative Performance of Machine Learning Models in Reducing Unnecessary Targeted Prostate Biopsies. European Urology Oncology 2025, 9: 142-149. PMID: 39924390, PMCID: PMC12332026, DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2025.01.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricConceptsProstate cancerPrediction of clinically significant prostate cancerClinical dataProstate-specific antigen levelClinically Significant Prostate CancerProstate magnetic resonance imagingSeverity of prostate cancerCombination of clinical featuresPrediction of csPCaSignificant prostate cancerProstate Imaging-ReportingCore needle biopsyRetrospective analysis of dataDecision curve analysisReducing unnecessary biopsiesProstate cancer diagnosisReceiver operating characteristic curveArea under the receiver operating characteristic curveFalse-negative rateMagnetic resonance imagingPersonalized risk assessmentAntigen levelsNeedle biopsyPatient ageUnnecessary biopsies
2024
Beyond cholangiocarcinoma: imaging features of mimicking pathologies in the biliary tract
Khasawneh H, O’Brien C, Czeyda-Pommersheim F, Qayyum A, Miller F, Arif Tiwari H, Paspulati R, Kierans A. Beyond cholangiocarcinoma: imaging features of mimicking pathologies in the biliary tract. Abdominal Radiology 2024, 50: 2928-2943. PMID: 39710762, DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04749-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricConceptsMalignant conditionsOverlap of imaging findingsDiagnosis of cholangiocarcinomaPrimary malignancyDifferentiate cholangiocarcinomaHistopathological confirmationImaging findingsMorphological subtypesDifferential diagnosisBiliary tractHeterogeneous diseaseDiagnostic accuracyPatient managementCholangiocarcinomaAccurate diagnosisHepatobiliary systemImage featuresPeriductal-infiltratingClinical practiceImaging characteristicsDiagnosisRenal transplant ultrasound: assessment of complications and advanced applications
Langdon J, Sharbidre K, Garner M, Robbin M, Scoutt L. Renal transplant ultrasound: assessment of complications and advanced applications. Abdominal Radiology 2024, 50: 2558-2585. PMID: 39643733, DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04731-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricConceptsRenal transplantationSurgical techniqueUltrasound evaluationSolid organ transplant proceduresComplication of renal transplantationLong-term complications of renal transplantationManagement of transplant patientsAssessment of complicationsComprehensive ultrasound evaluationLong-term complicationsRenal transplant evaluationOrgan transplant proceduresTransplant patientsUltrasound findingsSonographic findingsTransplant proceduresTransplant evaluationComplicationsTransplantationUltrasoundSurgeryPracticing radiologistsRelative prevalenceAllograftPatientsClassification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
El Homsi M, Alkhasawneh A, Arif-Tiwari H, Czeyda-Pommersheim F, Khasawneh H, Kierans A, Paspulati R, Singh C. Classification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Abdominal Radiology 2024, 50: 2522-2532. PMID: 39643732, DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04732-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsMRI after focal therapy for prostate cancer: what radiologists must know?
Jalilianhasanpour R, Arora S, Mansoori B, Raman S, Greenwood B, Sprenkle P, Schade G, Camacho M, Hosseini N, Westphalen A. MRI after focal therapy for prostate cancer: what radiologists must know? Abdominal Radiology 2024, 50: 2201-2220. PMID: 39542951, DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04670-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchRenovascular hypertension – a primer for the radiologist
Dixe de Oliveira Santo I, Sindoni J, Czeyda-Pommersheim F, Solomon N, Sailer A, Bhatt S, Fananapazir G, Pellerito J, Revzin M. Renovascular hypertension – a primer for the radiologist. Abdominal Radiology 2024, 50: 2181-2193. PMID: 39542950, DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04677-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCitationsAltmetricConceptsRenovascular hypertensionRenal arteryCause of renovascular hypertensionComputed tomography angiographyMagnetic resonance angiographyDiagnosing RVHExtrinsic compressionSecondary hypertensionRare conditionImaging findingsPolyarteritis nodosaSurgical interventionFibromuscular dysplasiaAnatomical variantsPage kidneyPictorial reviewHypertension casesAccurate diagnosisMedical managementDiagnostic criteriaTreatment approachesImaging modalitiesHypertensionImpact diagnosisYoung females