Featured Publications
Genetic Liability to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Its Association With Cardiometabolic and Respiratory Outcomes
Pathak G, Singh K, Choi K, Fang Y, Kouakou M, Lee Y, Zhou X, Fritsche L, Wendt F, Davis L, Polimanti R. Genetic Liability to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Its Association With Cardiometabolic and Respiratory Outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry 2024, 81: 34-44. PMID: 37910111, PMCID: PMC10620678, DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4127.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPosttraumatic stress disorderBody mass indexMass General BrighamPTSD symptom severityElectronic health recordsSymptom severityRespiratory outcomesMass indexRisk factorsMedical outcomesHealth outcomesMendelian randomizationDisease categoriesGenetic liabilityMeta-analyzed associationsSignificant medical outcomesNonspecific chest painC-reactive proteinMental health disordersUK BiobankMultivariable Mendelian randomizationPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomsChest painCardiac dysrhythmiasTobacco smokingEpidemiologic and Genetic Associations of Endometriosis With Depression, Anxiety, and Eating Disorders
Koller D, Pathak G, Wendt F, Tylee D, Levey D, Overstreet C, Gelernter J, Taylor H, Polimanti R. Epidemiologic and Genetic Associations of Endometriosis With Depression, Anxiety, and Eating Disorders. JAMA Network Open 2023, 6: e2251214. PMID: 36652249, PMCID: PMC9856929, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51214.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPsychiatric comorbidityMAIN OUTCOMEMental healthIrritable bowel syndromeBody mass indexAssociation of endometriosisOdds of depressionSevere physical symptomsPain-related phenotypesWomen's mental healthMultivariate regression analysisOdds of endometriosisBowel syndromeGenetic associationMass indexGynecologic pathologyMillion Veteran ProgramEndometriosisPsychiatric disordersWomen's healthFemale controlsPleiotropic mechanismsPhysical symptomsComorbiditiesFinnGen studySex-Specific Genetic and Transcriptomic Liability to Neuroticism
Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Singh K, Stein MB, Koenen KC, Krystal JH, Gelernter J, Davis LK, Polimanti R. Sex-Specific Genetic and Transcriptomic Liability to Neuroticism. Biological Psychiatry 2022, 93: 243-252. PMID: 36244801, PMCID: PMC10508260, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.07.019.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGenome-wide association studiesTranscriptomic profilesAssociation studiesSingle nucleotide polymorphism heritabilityGene expression variationGenome-wide significanceSex-specific geneticChromosomal variationTranscriptomic changesRisk lociExpression variationBiological processesMolecular pathwaysLociPolygenic associationSex-specific effectsGenetic correlatesPolygenic scoresUK BiobankGenetic riskNCOA6GeneticsHeritabilityPathwayFemalesAn Atlas of Genetic Correlations and Genetically Informed Associations Linking Psychiatric and Immune-Related Phenotypes
Tylee DS, Lee YK, Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Levey DF, De Angelis F, Gelernter J, Polimanti R. An Atlas of Genetic Correlations and Genetically Informed Associations Linking Psychiatric and Immune-Related Phenotypes. JAMA Psychiatry 2022, 79: 667-676. PMID: 35507366, PMCID: PMC9069342, DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0914.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk factorsImmune-related phenotypesMultivariable adjustmentUlcerative colitisCrohn's diseaseMendelian randomizationImmune-related disordersReciprocal risk factorsHealth-related behaviorsPsychiatric phenotypesFalse discovery rate correctionAllergic rhinitisGenetic association studiesGenetic associationInflammatory disordersClinical associationsMajor depressionImmune disordersMAIN OUTCOMEPsychiatric disordersSocial determinantsDisordersAssociation studiesColitisAsthmaMultivariate genome-wide analysis of education, socioeconomic status and brain phenome
Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Lencz T, Krystal JH, Gelernter J, Polimanti R. Multivariate genome-wide analysis of education, socioeconomic status and brain phenome. Nature Human Behaviour 2020, 5: 482-496. PMID: 33349686, PMCID: PMC8068566, DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00980-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPsychosocial factorsSocioeconomic statusPsychiatric disordersBipolar disorderGenetic riskNeuronal cell typesMajor depressionTourette syndromeBrain morphologyDisordersImaging phenotypesCell typesRisky behaviorsPsychopathologyGenetic overlapRiskGenetic discoveriesPsychiatric traitsStatusSyndromeWidespread signatures of positive selection in common risk alleles associated to autism spectrum disorder
Polimanti R, Gelernter J. Widespread signatures of positive selection in common risk alleles associated to autism spectrum disorder. PLOS Genetics 2017, 13: e1006618. PMID: 28187187, PMCID: PMC5328401, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006618.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAllelesAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityAutism Spectrum DisorderBipolar DisorderBrainComputational BiologyDepressive Disorder, MajorGene Expression ProfilingGene OntologyGene Regulatory NetworksGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyGenomicsHumansPituitary GlandPolymorphism, Single NucleotideRisk FactorsSchizophreniaTranscriptomeConceptsPositive selectionGene Ontology enrichmentGene expression enrichmentPrevious genetic studiesGWAS summary statisticsNervous system developmentCommon risk allelesPsychiatric Genomics ConsortiumSystems geneticsOntology enrichmentRisk allelesSynapse organizationWidespread signaturesEvolutionary processesGenetic studiesGenomics ConsortiumGWASHuman evolutionAllelesIncomplete selectionEffect directionMinor alleleComplete selectionEnrichmentSummary statistics
2025
Brain-wide pleiotropy investigation of alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking behaviors
Deiana G, He J, Cabrera-Mendoza B, Ciccocioppo R, Napolioni V, Polimanti R. Brain-wide pleiotropy investigation of alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking behaviors. Translational Psychiatry 2025, 15: 61. PMID: 39979292, PMCID: PMC11842717, DOI: 10.1038/s41398-025-03288-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsImaging-derived phenotypesBrain imaging-derived phenotypesAlcohol drinkingBrain structuresProcessing of social cuesCorrelates of smoking behaviorRelationship of brain structureSequencing Consortium of AlcoholGlobal genetic correlationsSmoking behaviorSuperior longitudinal fasciculusAssociated with smoking initiationTobacco smokeTobacco smoking behaviorLatent causal variable approachesNicotine useBrain regionsPremotor cortexSocial cuesWhite matter hyperintensitiesLongitudinal fasciculusChemosensory processingCortical thicknessMendelian randomizationPleiotropic mechanisms
2024
Association of deployment characteristics and exposures with persistent ill health among 1990-1991 Gulf War veterans in the VA Million Veteran Program
Steele L, Quaden R, Ahmed S, Harrington K, Duong L, Ko J, Gifford E, Polimanti R, Gaziano J, Aslan M, Helmer D, Hauser E. Association of deployment characteristics and exposures with persistent ill health among 1990-1991 Gulf War veterans in the VA Million Veteran Program. Environmental Health 2024, 23: 92. PMID: 39456027, PMCID: PMC11520114, DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01118-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMillion Veteran ProgramVA Million Veteran ProgramGulf War veteransIll healthHealth outcomesGulf War IllnessVeteran ProgramMilitary characteristicsWar veteransChronic ill healthCenters for Disease Control and Prevention criteriaGulf War serviceEvaluation of genetic factorsGulf War exposureVeterans' healthPopulation of U.S.Pyridostigmine bromide pillsHealthcare providersWartime exposuresGulf War deploymentResultsThe final cohortVeteran cohortDeployment exposuresHealth problemsVeteransAssociation patterns of antisocial personality disorder across substance use disorders
Low A, Stiltner B, Nunez Y, Adhikari K, Deak J, Pietrzak R, Kranzler H, Gelernter J, Polimanti R. Association patterns of antisocial personality disorder across substance use disorders. Translational Psychiatry 2024, 14: 346. PMID: 39198385, PMCID: PMC11358160, DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03054-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAntisocial personality disorderSubstance use disordersPersonality disorderUse disorderAssociation of antisocial personality disorderPresence of antisocial personality disorderPrevalence of antisocial personality disorderHazardous useDSM-5 SUD diagnosesSubstance use disorder severityDiagnostic criteriaInteraction effects with sexTobacco use disorderDSM-5Association of alcoholSUD diagnosisDisordersCocaineRacial/ethnic backgroundsIndividualsCocUDSeverityCannabisAssociation patternsAssociationDiversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program
Verma A, Huffman J, Rodriguez A, Conery M, Liu M, Ho Y, Kim Y, Heise D, Guare L, Panickan V, Garcon H, Linares F, Costa L, Goethert I, Tipton R, Honerlaw J, Davies L, Whitbourne S, Cohen J, Posner D, Sangar R, Murray M, Wang X, Dochtermann D, Devineni P, Shi Y, Nandi T, Assimes T, Brunette C, Carroll R, Clifford R, Duvall S, Gelernter J, Hung A, Iyengar S, Joseph J, Kember R, Kranzler H, Kripke C, Levey D, Luoh S, Merritt V, Overstreet C, Deak J, Grant S, Polimanti R, Roussos P, Shakt G, Sun Y, Tsao N, Venkatesh S, Voloudakis G, Justice A, Begoli E, Ramoni R, Tourassi G, Pyarajan S, Tsao P, O'Donnell C, Muralidhar S, Moser J, Casas J, Bick A, Zhou W, Cai T, Voight B, Cho K, Gaziano J, Madduri R, Damrauer S, Liao K. Diversity and scale: Genetic architecture of 2068 traits in the VA Million Veteran Program. Science 2024, 385: eadj1182. PMID: 39024449, DOI: 10.1126/science.adj1182.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMillion Veteran ProgramNon-European populationsVeteran ProgramGenetic architectureAtlas of genetic associationsVeterans Affairs Million Veteran ProgramVA Million Veteran ProgramGenomic risk lociGenome-wide associationHuman genetic studiesHealth disparitiesUnited States veteransCausal variantsRisk lociGenetic insightsGenetic studiesGenetic associationGenetic causeStates veteransDiverse populationsDisease factorsLack of inclusionLongitudinal studyParticipantsTraitsUsing Medical Records to Investigate the Genetics of Treatment-Resistant Depression Across Health Care Systems
Polimanti R. Using Medical Records to Investigate the Genetics of Treatment-Resistant Depression Across Health Care Systems. American Journal Of Psychiatry 2024, 181: 569-571. PMID: 38946279, DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20240377.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGenome-wide association analyses identify 95 risk loci and provide insights into the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder
Nievergelt C, Maihofer A, Atkinson E, Chen C, Choi K, Coleman J, Daskalakis N, Duncan L, Polimanti R, Aaronson C, Amstadter A, Andersen S, Andreassen O, Arbisi P, Ashley-Koch A, Austin S, Avdibegoviç E, Babić D, Bacanu S, Baker D, Batzler A, Beckham J, Belangero S, Benjet C, Bergner C, Bierer L, Biernacka J, Bierut L, Bisson J, Boks M, Bolger E, Brandolino A, Breen G, Bressan R, Bryant R, Bustamante A, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Børglum A, Børte S, Cahn L, Calabrese J, Caldas-de-Almeida J, Chatzinakos C, Cheema S, Clouston S, Colodro-Conde L, Coombes B, Cruz-Fuentes C, Dale A, Dalvie S, Davis L, Deckert J, Delahanty D, Dennis M, Desarnaud F, DiPietro C, Disner S, Docherty A, Domschke K, Dyb G, Kulenović A, Edenberg H, Evans A, Fabbri C, Fani N, Farrer L, Feder A, Feeny N, Flory J, Forbes D, Franz C, Galea S, Garrett M, Gelaye B, Gelernter J, Geuze E, Gillespie C, Goleva S, Gordon S, Goçi A, Grasser L, Guindalini C, Haas M, Hagenaars S, Hauser M, Heath A, Hemmings S, Hesselbrock V, Hickie I, Hogan K, Hougaard D, Huang H, Huckins L, Hveem K, Jakovljević M, Javanbakht A, Jenkins G, Johnson J, Jones I, Jovanovic T, Karstoft K, Kaufman M, Kennedy J, Kessler R, Khan A, Kimbrel N, King A, Koen N, Kotov R, Kranzler H, Krebs K, Kremen W, Kuan P, Lawford B, Lebois L, Lehto K, Levey D, Lewis C, Liberzon I, Linnstaedt S, Logue M, Lori A, Lu Y, Luft B, Lupton M, Luykx J, Makotkine I, Maples-Keller J, Marchese S, Marmar C, Martin N, Martínez-Levy G, McAloney K, McFarlane A, McLaughlin K, McLean S, Medland S, Mehta D, Meyers J, Michopoulos V, Mikita E, Milani L, Milberg W, Miller M, Morey R, Morris C, Mors O, Mortensen P, Mufford M, Nelson E, Nordentoft M, Norman S, Nugent N, O’Donnell M, Orcutt H, Pan P, Panizzon M, Pathak G, Peters E, Peterson A, Peverill M, Pietrzak R, Polusny M, Porjesz B, Powers A, Qin X, Ratanatharathorn A, Risbrough V, Roberts A, Rothbaum A, Rothbaum B, Roy-Byrne P, Ruggiero K, Rung A, Runz H, Rutten B, de Viteri S, Salum G, Sampson L, Sanchez S, Santoro M, Seah C, Seedat S, Seng J, Shabalin A, Sheerin C, Silove D, Smith A, Smoller J, Sponheim S, Stein D, Stensland S, Stevens J, Sumner J, Teicher M, Thompson W, Tiwari A, Trapido E, Uddin M, Ursano R, Valdimarsdóttir U, Van Hooff M, Vermetten E, Vinkers C, Voisey J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Waszczuk M, Weber H, Wendt F, Werge T, Williams M, Williamson D, Winsvold B, Winternitz S, Wolf C, Wolf E, Xia Y, Xiong Y, Yehuda R, Young K, Young R, Zai C, Zai G, Zervas M, Zhao H, Zoellner L, Zwart J, deRoon-Cassini T, van Rooij S, van den Heuvel L, Stein M, Ressler K, Koenen K. Genome-wide association analyses identify 95 risk loci and provide insights into the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Genetics 2024, 56: 792-808. PMID: 38637617, PMCID: PMC11396662, DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01707-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMeta-analysis of genome-wide association studiesGenome-wide significant lociMulti-ancestry meta-analysisGenome-wide association analysisGenome-wide association studiesIndividuals of European ancestryPotential causal genesNative American ancestryMulti-omics approachPost-traumatic stress disorderAdmixed individualsSignificant lociRisk lociCausal genesAssociation studiesAssociation analysisFunctional genesTranscription factorsGenetic studiesAmerican ancestryEuropean ancestryAxon guidanceSynaptic structureLociGenesEffects of genetically predicted posttraumatic stress disorder on autoimmune phenotypes
Maihofer A, Ratanatharathorn A, Hemmings S, Costenbader K, Michopoulos V, Polimanti R, Rothbaum A, Seedat S, Mikita E, Smith A, Salem R, Shaffer R, Wu T, Sebat J, Ressler K, Stein M, Koenen K, Wolf E, Sumner J, Nievergelt C. Effects of genetically predicted posttraumatic stress disorder on autoimmune phenotypes. Translational Psychiatry 2024, 14: 172. PMID: 38561342, PMCID: PMC10984931, DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02869-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPosttraumatic stress disorderMendelian randomizationTwo-sample Mendelian randomizationLinkage disequilibrium score regressionGenome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphismsCorrelated horizontal pleiotropyGenetic architectures of phenotypesMultivariable MR analysisSignificant single nucleotide polymorphismsAssociation of posttraumatic stress disorderCausal effectsSingle nucleotide polymorphismsGenetic correlationsMR-PRESSOHorizontal pleiotropyStress disorderMR analysisScore regressionGenetic architectureC-reactive proteinInverse varianceMR estimatesNucleotide polymorphismsPathway variablesEpidemiological evidenceClinical spectrum of Transthyretin amyloidogenic mutations among diverse population origins
De Lillo A, Pathak G, Low A, De Angelis F, Abou Alaiwi S, Miller E, Fuciarelli M, Polimanti R. Clinical spectrum of Transthyretin amyloidogenic mutations among diverse population origins. Human Genomics 2024, 18: 31. PMID: 38523305, PMCID: PMC10962184, DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00596-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCardiac congenital anomaliesAmyloidogenic mutationsCross-ancestry meta-analysisCongenital anomaliesComplex genotype-phenotype correlationsVal122Ile mutationGenotype-phenotype correlationPeripheral nerve disordersHereditary form of amyloidosisAncestry-specificCross-ancestryEuropean-descent individualsEast AsiansTTR-related amyloidosisIndividuals of African descentPopulation originClinical presentationAtrioventricular blockClinical spectrumDelayed diagnosisTTR mutationsAfrican descentNerve disordersTransthyretin mutationMutationsGenetic contribution to the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders
Koller D, Mitjans M, Kouakou M, Friligkou E, Cabrera-Mendoza B, Deak J, Llonga N, Pathak G, Stiltner B, Løkhammer S, Levey D, Zhou H, Hatoum A, Kember R, Kranzler H, Stein M, Corominas R, Demontis D, Artigas M, Ramos-Quiroga J, Gelernter J, Ribasés M, Cormand B, Polimanti R. Genetic contribution to the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. Psychiatry Research 2024, 333: 115758. PMID: 38335780, PMCID: PMC11157987, DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115758.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsUse disorderGenome-wide association studiesGenomic structural equation modelingCannabis use disorderAlcohol Use Disorders Identification TestAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderAlcohol use disorderProblematic alcohol useSubstance use disordersTwo-sample Mendelian randomization analysisLinkage disequilibrium score regression analysisDisorders Identification TestMendelian randomization analysisAssociated with increased oddsOdds of ADHDOpioid use disorderAttention-deficit/hyperactivityGWAS meta-analysesAlcohol dependenceStructural equation modelingNicotine dependenceInvestigate genetic correlationsADHDPolygenic riskStrength of evidenceFunctional correlates of a novel 8-factor model of PTSD in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Stiltner B, Fischer I, Duek O, Polimanti R, Harpaz-Rotem I, Pietrzak R. Functional correlates of a novel 8-factor model of PTSD in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Journal Of Psychiatric Research 2024, 171: 69-74. PMID: 38244335, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.017.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsModels of posttraumatic stress disorderPosttraumatic stress disorderNational Health and ResilienceU.S. military veteransArousal symptomsSuicidal ideationVeterans StudyCurrent depressionSymptom clustersMilitary veteransPosttraumatic stress disorder symptom clustersPosttraumatic stress disorder symptomsPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ChecklistAnxious arousal symptomsDysphoric arousal symptomsIntrusive symptom clustersOdds of suicidal ideationFunctional correlatesMulti-faceted disorderExternalizing behavioral symptomsAssociated with lower oddsAssociated with higher oddsSymptom structureAvoidance symptomsDSM-5
2023
Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of cannabis use disorder yields insight into disease biology and public health implications
Levey D, Galimberti M, Deak J, Wendt F, Bhattacharya A, Koller D, Harrington K, Quaden R, Johnson E, Gupta P, Biradar M, Lam M, Cooke M, Rajagopal V, Empke S, Zhou H, Nunez Y, Kranzler H, Edenberg H, Agrawal A, Smoller J, Lencz T, Hougaard D, Børglum A, Demontis D, Gaziano J, Gandal M, Polimanti R, Stein M, Gelernter J. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of cannabis use disorder yields insight into disease biology and public health implications. Nature Genetics 2023, 55: 2094-2103. PMID: 37985822, PMCID: PMC10703690, DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01563-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSingle nucleotide polymorphism-based heritabilityMulti-ancestry genome-wide association studyAssociation studiesMillion Veteran ProgramGenome-wide association studiesWide significant lociWide association studySignificant lociReference panelSmall populationDisease biologyAncestryAmerican ancestryHeritabilityVeteran ProgramNumerous medical comorbiditiesLung cancer riskRelationship analysisLociBiologyPublic health implicationsEast AsiansPublic health consequencesMedical comorbiditiesCigarette smokingEvaluating a novel 8-factor dimensional model of PTSD in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study
Stiltner B, Fischer I, Duek O, Polimanti R, Harpaz-Rotem I, Pietrzak R. Evaluating a novel 8-factor dimensional model of PTSD in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Journal Of Affective Disorders 2023, 346: 303-307. PMID: 37979626, DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.041.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIndex traumaPTSD symptomsNational HealthPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomsVeterans StudyMilitary veteransTrauma-exposed populationsClinician-administered interviewU.S. military veteransConfirmatory factor analysisDSM-5 modelStrong significant associationTrauma exposureIntrusive symptomsDisorder symptomsCombat exposureHigh riskU.S. veteransDSM-5Significant associationSymptomsInterpersonal violenceFactor analysisPTSDScarce researchGenome-wide association studies and cross-population meta-analyses investigating short and long sleep duration
Austin-Zimmerman I, Levey D, Giannakopoulou O, Deak J, Galimberti M, Adhikari K, Zhou H, Denaxas S, Irizar H, Kuchenbaecker K, McQuillin A, Concato J, Buysse D, Gaziano J, Gottlieb D, Polimanti R, Stein M, Bramon E, Gelernter J. Genome-wide association studies and cross-population meta-analyses investigating short and long sleep duration. Nature Communications 2023, 14: 6059. PMID: 37770476, PMCID: PMC10539313, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41249-y.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAssociation studiesGenome-wide association studiesGenetic correlationsWide association studyLinkage disequilibrium scorePositive genetic correlationSleep traitsIndependent lociMillion Veteran ProgramTraitsAncestryUK BiobankVeteran ProgramMendelian randomisationLociHeritabilitySNPsPhenotypeEast AsiansSimilar patternCardiometabolic phenotypesPositive personality traits moderate persistent high alcohol consumption, determined by polygenic risk in U.S. military veterans: results from a 10-year, population-based, observational cohort study
Na P, Zhou H, Montalvo-Ortiz J, Cabrera-Mendoza B, Petrakis I, Krystal J, Polimanti R, Gelernter J, Pietrzak R. Positive personality traits moderate persistent high alcohol consumption, determined by polygenic risk in U.S. military veterans: results from a 10-year, population-based, observational cohort study. Psychological Medicine 2023, 53: 7893-7901. PMID: 37642191, PMCID: PMC11750353, DOI: 10.1017/s003329172300199x.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
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