2025
The association between internet-use-disorder symptoms and loneliness: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a categorical approach
Mestre-Bach G, Paiva U, San Martín Iniguez L, Beranuy M, Martín-Vivar M, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Normand E, Chicote M, Potenza M, Arrondo G. The association between internet-use-disorder symptoms and loneliness: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a categorical approach. Psychological Medicine 2025, 55: e77. PMID: 40071718, PMCID: PMC12080635, DOI: 10.1017/s0033291725000376.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInternet-use disordersSystematic reviewMeta-analysisInternet-useInternet use disorderRandom-effects modelWeb of ScienceDegree of lonelinessUCLA Loneliness ScaleStatistical poolingQuantify associationsOdds ratioCohen's dDisorder symptomsGreater lonelinessMeta-regressionPooled differenceEffect sizePre-registeredUCLA-LonelinessLonelinessEffects of ageCategorical approachSymptomsGroup of individuals
2024
Unveiling the Structure in Mental Disorder Presentations
Spiller T, Duek O, Helmer M, Murray J, Fielstein E, Pietrzak R, von Känel R, Harpaz-Rotem I. Unveiling the Structure in Mental Disorder Presentations. JAMA Psychiatry 2024, 81: 1101-1107. PMID: 39110437, PMCID: PMC11307158, DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2047.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchSymptom combinationsNational Institute of Mental Health Data ArchivePosttraumatic stress disorderDiagnostic criteriaHeterogeneity of symptomsSecondary data analysisCross-sectional studyRevision of diagnostic criteriaSymptom-based definitionsDSM criteriaStress disorderSymptom heterogeneityDisorder presentationsClinical populationsMain OutcomesAssess symptomsGroup of individualsParticipantsSymptomsNational InstituteDisordersIndividualsSchizophreniaAnxietyIndividual frequenciesWhy do prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment differ? Qualitative analyses in a cohort study
Coleman O, Baldwin J, Moffitt T, Arseneault L, Fisher H, Rose-Clarke K, Danese A. Why do prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment differ? Qualitative analyses in a cohort study. Child Abuse & Neglect 2024, 157: 107070. PMID: 39366249, PMCID: PMC12139143, DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107070.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeasures of maltreatmentInterview notesSelf-reportRetrospective measuresEnvironmental Risk Longitudinal Twin StudyAged 5Accuracy of self-reportProspective measuresCategories of themesMaltreatmentFramework analysisCaregiver interviewsChildhood maltreatmentChildhood experiencesCohort studyLongitudinal Twin StudyQualitative dataInterviewsTwin studiesChildhood Trauma QuestionnaireGroup of individualsParticipantsTrauma QuestionnaireSource of disagreementQualitative analysisResearch Review: Why do prospective and retrospective measures of maltreatment differ? A narrative review
Coleman O, Baldwin J, Dalgleish T, Rose‐Clarke K, Widom C, Danese A. Research Review: Why do prospective and retrospective measures of maltreatment differ? A narrative review. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry 2024, 65: 1662-1677. PMID: 39150090, PMCID: PMC11834142, DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14048.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeasures of maltreatmentChildhood maltreatmentRetrospective measuresMeasures of childhood maltreatmentMental health burdenReports of maltreatmentRetrospective reportsMaltreatmentAssess maltreatmentPsychopathologyGroup of individualsNovel interventionsMethodological issuesHealth burdenData collection methodsMotivating individualsMeasure disagreementIndividualsMulti-disciplinary researchMemoryCollection methodsGenetics of IgA nephrology: risks, mechanisms, and therapeutic targets
Qu S, Zhou X, Zhang H. Genetics of IgA nephrology: risks, mechanisms, and therapeutic targets. Pediatric Nephrology 2024, 39: 3157-3165. PMID: 38600219, DOI: 10.1007/s00467-024-06369-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGenome-wide association studiesPopulation-based genome-wide association studiesComplex multifactorial traitsPolygenic risk scoresRisk lociAssociation studiesTherapeutic targetMultifactorial traitGenetic explorationGenetic researchGenetic causationMolecular mechanismsRisk scoreElevated serum Gd-IgA1 levelsIncreased riskPathogenesis modelGroup of individualsSerum Gd-IgA1 levelsGd-IgA1 levelsMedical treatmentLociGalactose-deficient IgA1RiskGeneticsGd-IgA1Changes in Weight Among Individuals With Psychiatric Conditions or Socioeconomic Disadvantage Assigned to Smoke Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes
Harfmann R, Heil S, Bunn J, Snell L, Tidey J, Sigmon S, Gaalema D, Lee D, Streck J, Bergeria C, Davis D, Plucinski S, Higgins S. Changes in Weight Among Individuals With Psychiatric Conditions or Socioeconomic Disadvantage Assigned to Smoke Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes. Experimental And Clinical Psychopharmacology 2024, 32: 181-188. PMID: 38236223, PMCID: PMC11851335, DOI: 10.1037/pha0000700.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchOpioid use disorderNicotine reduction policyAffective disordersSocioeconomically disadvantaged womenHigh dosesShort-term adverse consequencesNicotine abstinenceNicotine doseEffects of cigarettesPsychiatric conditionsUse disorderNicotine exposureWeekly assessmentsNicotineGroup of individualsRandomized controlled trialsDisordersAssessment of weightDisadvantaged womenFunction of doseCombination groupControlled trialsDoseSecondary analysisAdverse consequencesAutism Spectrum Disorder in Adolescents and Adults: An Introduction
Volkmar F, Reichow B, McPartland J. Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adolescents and Adults: An Introduction. 2024, 1-16. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-46463-8_1.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2023
Stigma Reduction Via Brief Video Interventions: Comparing Presentations by an Actor Versus a Person With Lived Experience
Amsalem D, Jankowski S, Pagdon S, Markowitz J, Martin A, Dixon L. Stigma Reduction Via Brief Video Interventions: Comparing Presentations by an Actor Versus a Person With Lived Experience. Psychiatric Services 2023, 75: 485-488. PMID: 38088037, DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20230215.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntervention groupMental illnessReduce mental health-related stigmaMental health-related stigmaExperience of mental illnessHealth-related stigmaDomains of stigmaFocus groups of individualsStigma scoresPersonal recoveryVideo interventionFocus groupsStigmaInterventionLived experienceGroup of individualsFollow-upIllnessControl groupPersonal storiesPostinterventionComparative presentationPersonsNoninferiority analysisGroupVirology under the Microscope—a Call for Rational Discourse
Goodrum F, Lowen A, Lakdawala S, Alwine J, Casadevall A, Imperiale M, Atwood W, Avgousti D, Baines J, Banfield B, Banks L, Bhaduri-McIntosh S, Bhattacharya D, Blanco-Melo D, Bloom D, Boon A, Boulant S, Brandt C, Broadbent A, Brooke C, Cameron C, Campos S, Caposio P, Chan G, Cliffe A, Coffin J, Collins K, Damania B, Daugherty M, Debbink K, DeCaprio J, Dermody T, Dikeakos J, DiMaio D, Dinglasan R, Duprex W, Dutch R, Elde N, Emerman M, Enquist L, Fane B, Fernandez-Sesma A, Flenniken M, Frappier L, Frieman M, Frueh K, Gack M, Gaglia M, Gallagher T, Galloway D, García-Sastre A, Geballe A, Glaunsinger B, Goff S, Greninger A, Hancock M, Harris E, Heaton N, Heise M, Heldwein E, Hogue B, Horner S, Hutchinson E, Hyser J, Jackson W, Kalejta R, Kamil J, Karst S, Kirchhoff F, Knipe D, Kowalik T, Lagunoff M, Laimins L, Langlois R, Lauring A, Lee B, Leib D, Liu S, Longnecker R, Lopez C, Luftig M, Lund J, Manicassamy B, McFadden G, McIntosh M, Mehle A, Miller W, Mohr I, Moody C, Moorman N, Moscona A, Mounce B, Munger J, Münger K, Murphy E, Naghavi M, Nelson J, Neufeldt C, Nikolich J, O'Connor C, Ono A, Orenstein W, Ornelles D, Ou J, Parker J, Parrish C, Pekosz A, Pellett P, Pfeiffer J, Plemper R, Polyak S, Purdy J, Pyeon D, Quinones-Mateu M, Renne R, Rice C, Schoggins J, Roller R, Russell C, Sandri-Goldin R, Sapp M, Schang L, Schmid S, Schultz-Cherry S, Semler B, Shenk T, Silvestri G, Simon V, Smith G, Smith J, Spindler K, Stanifer M, Subbarao K, Sundquist W, Suthar M, Sutton T, Tai A, Tarakanova V, tenOever B, Tibbetts S, Tompkins S, Toth Z, van Doorslaer K, Vignuzzi M, Wallace N, Walsh D, Weekes M, Weinberg J, Weitzman M, Weller S, Whelan S, White E, Williams B, Wobus C, Wong S, Yurochko A. Virology under the Microscope—a Call for Rational Discourse. Journal Of Virology 2023, 97: e00089-23. PMID: 36700640, PMCID: PMC9972907, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00089-23.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOrigin of SARS-CoV-2Evidence-based discourseRational discourseVirology researchGain-of-function approachesVirus-related researchPolicy makersField of virologyLegitimate questionsHuman pathogensDiscourseVocal groupRegulatory structureSARS-CoV-2United StatesPublic concernPublic confusionGroup of individualsVirology under the Microscope—a Call for Rational Discourse
Goodrum F, Lowen A, Lakdawala S, Alwine J, Casadevall A, Imperiale M, Atwood W, Avgousti D, Baines J, Banfield B, Banks L, Bhaduri-McIntosh S, Bhattacharya D, Blanco-Melo D, Bloom D, Boon A, Boulant S, Brandt C, Broadbent A, Brooke C, Cameron C, Campos S, Caposio P, Chan G, Cliffe A, Coffin J, Collins K, Damania B, Daugherty M, Debbink K, DeCaprio J, Dermody T, Dikeakos J, DiMaio D, Dinglasan R, Duprex W, Dutch R, Elde N, Emerman M, Enquist L, Fane B, Fernandez-Sesma A, Flenniken M, Frappier L, Frieman M, Frueh K, Gack M, Gaglia M, Gallagher T, Galloway D, García-Sastre A, Geballe A, Glaunsinger B, Goff S, Greninger A, Hancock M, Harris E, Heaton N, Heise M, Heldwein E, Hogue B, Horner S, Hutchinson E, Hyser J, Jackson W, Kalejta R, Kamil J, Karst S, Kirchhoff F, Knipe D, Kowalik T, Lagunoff M, Laimins L, Langlois R, Lauring A, Lee B, Leib D, Liu S, Longnecker R, Lopez C, Luftig M, Lund J, Manicassamy B, McFadden G, McIntosh M, Mehle A, Miller W, Mohr I, Moody C, Moorman N, Moscona A, Mounce B, Munger J, Münger K, Murphy E, Naghavi M, Nelson J, Neufeldt C, Nikolich J, O'Connor C, Ono A, Orenstein W, Ornelles D, Ou J, Parker J, Parrish C, Pekosz A, Pellett P, Pfeiffer J, Plemper R, Polyak S, Purdy J, Pyeon D, Quinones-Mateu M, Renne R, Rice C, Schoggins J, Roller R, Russell C, Sandri-Goldin R, Sapp M, Schang L, Schmid S, Schultz-Cherry S, Semler B, Shenk T, Silvestri G, Simon V, Smith G, Smith J, Spindler K, Stanifer M, Subbarao K, Sundquist W, Suthar M, Sutton T, Tai A, Tarakanova V, tenOever B, Tibbetts S, Tompkins S, Toth Z, van Doorslaer K, Vignuzzi M, Wallace N, Walsh D, Weekes M, Weinberg J, Weitzman M, Weller S, Whelan S, White E, Williams B, Wobus C, Wong S, Yurochko A. Virology under the Microscope—a Call for Rational Discourse. MBio 2023, 14: e00188-23. PMID: 36700642, PMCID: PMC9973315, DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00188-23.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOrigin of SARS-CoV-2Evidence-based discourseRational discourseVirology researchGain-of-function approachesVirus-related researchPolicy makersField of virologyLegitimate questionsHuman pathogensDiscourseVocal groupRegulatory structureSARS-CoV-2United StatesPublic concernPublic confusionGroup of individualsVirology under the Microscope—a Call for Rational Discourse
Goodrum F, Lowen A, Lakdawala S, Alwine J, Casadevall A, Imperiale M, Atwood W, Avgousti D, Baines J, Banfield B, Banks L, Bhaduri-McIntosh S, Bhattacharya D, Blanco-Melo D, Bloom D, Boon A, Boulant S, Brandt C, Broadbent A, Brooke C, Cameron C, Campos S, Caposio P, Chan G, Cliffe A, Coffin J, Collins K, Damania B, Daugherty M, Debbink K, DeCaprio J, Dermody T, Dikeakos J, DiMaio D, Dinglasan R, Duprex W, Dutch R, Elde N, Emerman M, Enquist L, Fane B, Fernandez-Sesma A, Flenniken M, Frappier L, Frieman M, Frueh K, Gack M, Gaglia M, Gallagher T, Galloway D, García-Sastre A, Geballe A, Glaunsinger B, Goff S, Greninger A, Hancock M, Harris E, Heaton N, Heise M, Heldwein E, Hogue B, Horner S, Hutchinson E, Hyser J, Jackson W, Kalejta R, Kamil J, Karst S, Kirchhoff F, Knipe D, Kowalik T, Lagunoff M, Laimins L, Langlois R, Lauring A, Lee B, Leib D, Liu S, Longnecker R, Lopez C, Luftig M, Lund J, Manicassamy B, McFadden G, McIntosh M, Mehle A, Miller W, Mohr I, Moody C, Moorman N, Moscona A, Mounce B, Munger J, Münger K, Murphy E, Naghavi M, Nelson J, Neufeldt C, Nikolich J, O'Connor C, Ono A, Orenstein W, Ornelles D, Ou J, Parker J, Parrish C, Pekosz A, Pellett P, Pfeiffer J, Plemper R, Polyak S, Purdy J, Pyeon D, Quinones-Mateu M, Renne R, Rice C, Schoggins J, Roller R, Russell C, Sandri-Goldin R, Sapp M, Schang L, Schmid S, Schultz-Cherry S, Semler B, Shenk T, Silvestri G, Simon V, Smith G, Smith J, Spindler K, Stanifer M, Subbarao K, Sundquist W, Suthar M, Sutton T, Tai A, Tarakanova V, tenOever B, Tibbetts S, Tompkins S, Toth Z, van Doorslaer K, Vignuzzi M, Wallace N, Walsh D, Weekes M, Weinberg J, Weitzman M, Weller S, Whelan S, White E, Williams B, Wobus C, Wong S, Yurochko A. Virology under the Microscope—a Call for Rational Discourse. MSphere 2023, 8: e00034-23. PMID: 36700653, PMCID: PMC10117089, DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00034-23.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsOrigin of SARS-CoV-2Evidence-based discourseRational discourseVirology researchGain-of-function approachesVirus-related researchPolicy makersField of virologyLegitimate questionsHuman pathogensDiscourseVocal groupRegulatory structureSARS-CoV-2United StatesPublic concernPublic confusionGroup of individuals
2022
Clinical and behavior characteristics of individuals who used ketamine
Lee TS, Liu YH, Huang YJ, Tang WK, Wang Y, Hu S, Lin CP, Li CR, Hung CC. Clinical and behavior characteristics of individuals who used ketamine. Scientific Reports 2022, 12: 801. PMID: 35039593, PMCID: PMC8764021, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04832-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMemory testLower urinary tract symptomsN-back memory testShort-term recallShort-term memoryDrug-using participantsCigarette smokersImpulsivity measuresTerm recallBehavioral dispositionsPolydrug usersKetamine usersGroup of individualsSex-related behaviorsUrinary tract symptomsPolydrug useDrug-related problemsCross-sectional interviewMemoryRisk behaviorsKetamine useTract symptomsClinical characteristicsParticipantsHIV serostatus
2019
Non-visible haematuria for the Detection of Bladder, Upper Tract, and Kidney Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Jubber I, Shariat S, Conroy S, Tan W, Gordon P, Lotan Y, Messing E, Stenzl A, Rhijn B, Kelly J, Catto J, Cumberbatch M. Non-visible haematuria for the Detection of Bladder, Upper Tract, and Kidney Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. European Urology 2019, 77: 583-598. PMID: 31791622, DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.10.010.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-visible haematuriaUpper tract urothelial carcinomaMeta-analysisSystematic reviewKidney cancerSystematic review of original articlesUrological cancersRisk of cancerIncidence of cancerReview of original articlesCancer detection rateRe-evaluation of patientsPublic health implicationsBladder cancerNarrative synthesisDiagnosis of BCInclusion criteriaMeta-analysesCigarette smokingHealth implicationsDiagnosis of bladder cancerMale sexEstimated riskHigh-risk patientsGroup of individualsModeling intrinsic spirituality in gambling disorder
Gavriel-Fried B, Moretta T, Potenza M. Modeling intrinsic spirituality in gambling disorder. Addiction Research & Theory 2019, 28: 204-210. DOI: 10.1080/16066359.2019.1622002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPatient Health Questionnaire-9Generalized Anxiety Disorder ScaleGambling disorderIntrinsic spiritualityAnxiety Disorder ScaleSubstance use problemsQuestionnaire-9Levels of psychopathologyDiagnostic criteriaTreatment centersLifetime gambling disorderIsraeli individualsGood psychometric propertiesSignificant associationDisordersDisorder ScaleDepressionSubstance addictionRole of spiritualityPsychometric propertiesSeverityPotential linkAdditional researchGroup of individualsPsychometric characteristics
2016
Acculturation Strategies Among South Asian Immigrants: The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study
Needham B, Mukherjee B, Bagchi P, Kim C, Mukherjea A, Kandula N, Kanaya A. Acculturation Strategies Among South Asian Immigrants: The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study. Journal Of Immigrant And Minority Health 2016, 19: 373-380. PMID: 26928020, PMCID: PMC5003760, DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0372-8.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSouth Asian immigrantsAcculturation strategiesAsian immigrantsCross-cultural psychologySouth AsiansCultural attitudesEpidemiological cohort dataAcculturationImmigrantsHigher levels of incomeTheoretical frameworkLevel of incomeSociodemographic correlatesLatent class analysisLatent class regression analysisReligious affiliationMethodological approachConceptual ambiguityClass analysisAssimilationAmerica StudyMediators of AtherosclerosisUSAsiansGroup of individuals
2013
Characterizing Discourse Deficits Following Penetrating Head Injury: A Preliminary Model
Coelho C, Lê K, Mozeiko J, Hamilton M, Tyler E, Krueger F, Grafman J. Characterizing Discourse Deficits Following Penetrating Head Injury: A Preliminary Model. American Journal Of Speech-Language Pathology 2013, 22: s438-s448. PMID: 23695915, PMCID: PMC7684633, DOI: 10.1044/1058-0360(2013/12-0076).Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNon-brain-injuredClosed head injuryDiscourse productionDiscourse performanceNon-brain-injured groupAdequate-to-good fitMeasures of memoryPenetrating head injuryStructural equation modeling proceduresGroups of participantsTraumatic brain injuryDiscourse deficitsDiscourse measuresExecutive functionNarrative lengthCommunication deficitsMacrostructural componentsHead injuryStory grammarBrain-injuredStory narrativesBrain injuryGroup of individualsDeficitsDiscourse data
2007
Preventing tomorrow's sudden cardiac death today Part II: Translating sudden cardiac death risk assessment strategies into practice and policy
Sanders GD, Al-Khatib SM, Berliner E, Bigger JT, Buxton AE, Califf RM, Carlson M, Curtis AB, Curtis JP, Domanski M, Fain E, Gersh BJ, Gold MR, Goldberger J, Haghighi-Mood A, Hammill SC, Harder J, Healey J, Hlatky MA, Hohnloser SH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Mitchell B, Phurrough S, Prystowsky E, Smith JM, Stockbridge N, Temple R, conference F. Preventing tomorrow's sudden cardiac death today Part II: Translating sudden cardiac death risk assessment strategies into practice and policy. American Heart Journal 2007, 153: 951-959. PMID: 17540195, DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSudden cardiac deathCardiac deathClinical practicePrevention of SCDRisk assessment strategiesDuke Clinical Research InstituteClinical Research InstituteSCD preventionClinical cardiovascular medicineRisk stratificationHigh riskCurrent evidenceClinical strategiesDuke CenterCardiovascular medicineHealth policyPreventionFuture evidenceRiskDeathFurther testingGroup of individualsAssessment strategiesLevel of riskProfessional societiesRecovery from versus recovery in serious mental illness: One strategy for lessening confusion plaguing recovery
Davidson L, Roe D. Recovery from versus recovery in serious mental illness: One strategy for lessening confusion plaguing recovery. Journal Of Mental Health 2007, 16: 459-470. DOI: 10.1080/09638230701482394.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMental illnessSerious mental illnessLongitudinal clinical researchConsumer/survivor movementAspects of recoveryConceptualization of recoveryIllnessProgressive deteriorationConcept of recoveryClinical researchPsychiatric literatureRehabilitative practicesGroup of individualsLittle consensusRecoverySurvivor movement
1999
Insight in Schizophrenia: Its Relationship to Measures of Executive Functions
MOHAMED S, FLEMING S, PENN D, SPAULDING W. Insight in Schizophrenia: Its Relationship to Measures of Executive Functions. The Journal Of Nervous And Mental Disease 1999, 187: 525-531. PMID: 10496507, DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199909000-00001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsExecutive functionAspects of executiveNegative symptomsChronic schizophreniaExecutive functioningNeuropsychological processesGeneral intelligenceNeuropsychological functionAssess UnawarenessGroup of individualsPoor insightMental disordersSchizophreniaUnawarenessSpecific symptomsMisattributionIndividualsPerformance measuresSymptomsMeasuresFunctioningLack of awarenessMotivationDeficitsIntelligence
1998
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Supplementary Norms for Individuals with Autism
Carter A, Volkmar F, Sparrow S, Wang J, Lord C, Dawson G, Fombonne E, Loveland K, Mesibov G, Schopler E. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Supplementary Norms for Individuals with Autism. Journal Of Autism And Developmental Disorders 1998, 28: 287-302. PMID: 9711485, DOI: 10.1023/a:1026056518470.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsActivities of Daily LivingAdaptation, PsychologicalAdolescentAdultAnalysis of VarianceAutistic DisorderChildChild DevelopmentChild, PreschoolChi-Square DistributionCommunication DisordersDisability EvaluationFemaleHumansIntellectual DisabilityMaleMiddle AgedMotor SkillsMutismPsychiatric Status Rating ScalesPsychometricsReference ValuesSampling StudiesSocial BehaviorConceptsDaily living skillsMute individualsVerbal individualsVerbal skillsLiving skillsStandard scoresVineland Adaptive Behavior ScalesHigher standard scoresAdaptive Behavior ScalesPopulation normsVineland domainsVerbal childrenAutistic individualsMute childrenBehavior ScaleAutismGroup of individualsCommunication domainYoung childrenRelative weaknessYears of ageSkillsHigher scoresNational normsOlder individuals
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