2025
Dissecting causal relationships between cortical morphology and neuropsychiatric disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
Lin B, Li Y, Goula A, Chang X, Grasby K, Medland S, Andreassen O, Rutten B, Guloksuz S, van der Meer D, Luykx J. Dissecting causal relationships between cortical morphology and neuropsychiatric disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Nature Mental Health 2025, 3: 613-625. DOI: 10.1038/s44220-025-00397-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMean cortical thicknessCognitive performanceCortical morphologySchizophrenia riskBrain cortical surface areaEffects of cognitive performanceCortical surface areaImproving brain healthCortical morphological measuresNeuropsychiatric disordersNeuropsychiatric phenotypesBidirectional associationsBrain healthSchizophreniaNeuropsychiatric traitsCortical thicknessGlobal mean cortical thicknessSmoking initiationPositive causal effectTemporal thicknessInvestigate causal linksCausal effectsBrainCausal linkIntervention studiesBrain-wide pleiotropy investigation of alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking behaviors
Deiana G, He J, Cabrera-Mendoza B, Ciccocioppo R, Napolioni V, Polimanti R. Brain-wide pleiotropy investigation of alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking behaviors. Translational Psychiatry 2025, 15: 61. PMID: 39979292, PMCID: PMC11842717, DOI: 10.1038/s41398-025-03288-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsImaging-derived phenotypesBrain imaging-derived phenotypesAlcohol drinkingBrain structuresProcessing of social cuesCorrelates of smoking behaviorRelationship of brain structureSequencing Consortium of AlcoholGlobal genetic correlationsSmoking behaviorSuperior longitudinal fasciculusAssociated with smoking initiationTobacco smokeTobacco smoking behaviorLatent causal variable approachesNicotine useBrain regionsPremotor cortexSocial cuesWhite matter hyperintensitiesLongitudinal fasciculusChemosensory processingCortical thicknessMendelian randomizationPleiotropic mechanismsStructural Brain Changes Associated With Risky Drinking in Late-Life Depression
Steffens D, Wang L, Manning K, Pearlson G. Structural Brain Changes Associated With Risky Drinking in Late-Life Depression. The American Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry Open Science Education And Practice 2025, 6: 1-14. PMID: 40535612, PMCID: PMC12176382, DOI: 10.1016/j.osep.2025.01.003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchStructural brain changesBrain changesAlcohol useAlcohol consumptionCortical thicknessFronto-striatal circuitsInferior parietal sulcusVolumetric brain changesFrontal cortical regionsLate-life depressionDecreased depression severityModerate drinkersDecreased alcohol consumptionOlder adultsRisky drinkersRisky alcohol useImpact of alcohol useCognitive batteryDepression severityDepressive episodeDSM criteriaStudy psychiatristClinical interviewOlder depressivesPosterior cingulate
2024
Longitudinal associations of microstructural changes, amyloid, and cognition in preclinical Alzheimer's disease
Vannini P, Bertazzoli G, Rodriguez‐Vieitez E, Ramseyer M, Diez I, Sepulcre J, Hanseeuw B, Lois C, Gagliardi G, Westin C, Johnson K, Sperling R, Marshall G. Longitudinal associations of microstructural changes, amyloid, and cognition in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2024, 20: e089927. PMCID: PMC11714664, DOI: 10.1002/alz.089927.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCortical mean diffusivityCognitive declineLongitudinal associationsCortical thicknessHarvard Aging Brain StudyBaseline cortical thicknessCN older adultsAging Brain StudyCompound B PETLongitudinal cognitive declinePreclinical Alzheimer's diseaseDrug-induced changesCognitive covariatesIsthmus cingulateStructural MRIPost-hoc stratifying analysisCognitive AssessmentAt-risk individualsCognitionGeneralized linear modelBrain studiesMean diffusivityOlder adultsGray matterDiffusion-weighted imagingPlasma Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein and Phosphorated Tau 181 Association with Presynaptic Density-Dependent Tau Pathology at 18F-SynVesT-1 Brain PET Imaging.
Wu J, Li B, Wang J, Huang Q, Chen X, You Z, He K, Guo Q, Li S, Huang Y, Guo T, Dai W, Xiang W, Chen W, Yang D, Zhao J, Guan Y, Xie F. Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein and Phosphorated Tau 181 Association with Presynaptic Density-Dependent Tau Pathology at 18F-SynVesT-1 Brain PET Imaging. Radiology 2024, 313: e233019. PMID: 39560478, PMCID: PMC11605102, DOI: 10.1148/radiol.233019.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsP-tau-181Alzheimer's diseaseAD-related pathologyAmyloid-bPhosphor-tauTau pathologySynaptic densityTau accumulationSynaptic lossTauTau-PETDecreased synaptic densityGlial fibrillary acidic proteinPlasma glial fibrillary acidic proteinCortical thicknessAcidic proteinFibrillary acidic proteinRuijin HospitalProspective studyRelationship of plasmaBlood assayBlood markersPET/MRIBrain PET imagingPET imagingMapping the structure-function relationship along macroscale gradients in the human brain
Collins E, Chishti O, Obaid S, McGrath H, King A, Shen X, Arora J, Papademetris X, Constable R, Spencer D, Zaveri H. Mapping the structure-function relationship along macroscale gradients in the human brain. Nature Communications 2024, 15: 7063. PMID: 39152127, PMCID: PMC11329792, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51395-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsStructure-function correspondenceBrain regionsMacroscale gradientWhite matter connectivityHuman brain regionsStructure-function couplingNeural network propertiesAssociation cortexCognitive functionBridging neuroscienceFunctional coactivationOrganizational axisCortical thicknessHuman brainMotor cortexLanguage processingBrainCortexMotor functionNatural language processingNetwork propertiesMotorNeuroscienceNatural languageData repositoriesCortical structure and subcortical volumes in conduct disorder: a coordinated analysis of 15 international cohorts from the ENIGMA-Antisocial Behavior Working Group
Gao Y, Staginnus M, Group E, Gao Y, Staginnus M, Townend S, Arango C, Bajaj S, Banaschewski T, Barker E, Benegal V, Berluti K, Bernhard A, Blair R, Boateng C, Bokde A, Brandeis D, Buitelaar J, Burt S, Cardinale E, Castro-Fornieles J, Chen H, Chen X, Chester S, Colins O, Cornwell H, Craig M, Cubillo A, Desrivieres S, Díaz D, Dietrich A, Dong D, Dykstra A, Franke B, Freitag C, Glennon J, Gonzalez-Madruga K, Hagan C, Hoekstra P, Holla B, Hyde L, Ibrahim K, Jabeen N, Jackson R, Jiang Y, Kohls G, Konrad K, Kypta-Vivanco A, Lamers K, Ma R, Marsh A, Martinelli A, Martinot J, Michalska K, Ming Q, Minosse S, Mitchell C, Monk C, Murphy D, Mycue L, Naaijen J, Oosterling M, Passamonti L, Pauli R, Alonso M, Phillips H, Ploe M, Raschle N, Roberts R, Rogers J, Rosa-Justicia M, Sagar-Ouriaghli I, Schulze U, Schumann G, Sethi A, Smaragdi A, Sonuga-Barke E, Stadler C, Stevens M, Sukhodolsky D, Sully K, Sun X, Toschi N, Townsend C, van der Wee N, Vermeiren R, Viding E, Wang X, Westerman H, Wu Q, Yao S, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zhou J, Jahanshad N, Thomopoulos S, Ching C, Kang M, Thompson P, Klapwijk E, Pine D, Baskin-Sommers A, Cecil C, Aghajani M, Walton E, Fairchild G, De Brito S. Cortical structure and subcortical volumes in conduct disorder: a coordinated analysis of 15 international cohorts from the ENIGMA-Antisocial Behavior Working Group. The Lancet Psychiatry 2024, 11: 620-632. PMID: 39025633, DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00187-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGroup-by-age interactionCallous-unemotional traitsConduct disorder groupConduct disorderBrain structural alterationsSubcortical volumesDisorder groupDiagnosis of conduct disorderCaudal anterior cingulate cortexAnalysis of structural MRI dataCortical thicknessT1-weighted MRI brain scansBrain structural correlatesAnterior cingulate cortexSuperior temporal sulcusStructural MRI dataAssess group differencesMRI brain scansNucleus accumbensADHD comorbidityCingulate cortexDisorder subtypesSmaller amygdalaBrain alterationsTemporal sulcusJoint modeling of human cortical structure: Genetic correlation network and composite-trait genetic correlation
Shen J, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Cheng Y, Cai B, Zhao Y, Zhao H. Joint modeling of human cortical structure: Genetic correlation network and composite-trait genetic correlation. NeuroImage 2024, 297: 120739. PMID: 39009250, PMCID: PMC11367654, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120739.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGenetic networksComplex traitsGenetic architecture of complex traitsArchitecture of complex traitsGenome-wide association analysisGenetic correlationsGenetic architectureGenetic variationAssociation analysisGenetic basisPhenotypic similarityGenetic effectsFunctional variationRight hemisphereBrain regionsUK BiobankCortical thicknessTraitsCortical measuresCorrelation networkSignificant pairsHeritabilitySimilarity matrixBrainBrain lobesMultivariate associations between neuroanatomy and cognition in unmedicated and medicated individuals with schizophrenia
Zhao Q, Gao Z, Yu W, Xiao Y, Hu N, Wei X, Tao B, Zhu F, Li S, Lui S. Multivariate associations between neuroanatomy and cognition in unmedicated and medicated individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia 2024, 10: 62. PMID: 39004627, PMCID: PMC11247086, DOI: 10.1038/s41537-024-00482-0.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchFirst-episode schizophreniaCortical surface areaSubcortical volumesMedicated individualsFirst-episode schizophrenia sampleCortical thicknessBrain-behavior profilesAnterior cingulate cortexRight parahippocampal gyrusVerbal fluency testInferior parietal lobuleMultiple cognitive domainsVerbal memory performanceSample of individualsAntipsychotic doseAntipsychotic medicationPsychopathological symptomsCingulate cortexNeurobiological basisFluency testRight caudateMemory performanceParietal lobuleCognitive domainsIllness durationGenes associated with cortical thickness alterations in behavioral addiction
Xie H, Wang Y, Zhu F, Zhang F, Wu B, Zhao Z, Gan R, Gong Q, Jia Z. Genes associated with cortical thickness alterations in behavioral addiction. Cerebral Cortex 2024, 34: bhae298. PMID: 39051658, DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae298.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBehavioral addictionsCortical thicknessBehavioral regulationPostcentral gyrusCompulsive reward-seeking behaviorReward-seeking behaviorDorsolateral prefrontal cortexDopamine D2 receptorsAllen Human Brain AtlasOrbital-frontal cortexCortical thickness alterationsHuman Brain AtlasAddiction phenotypesAddiction severityPrefrontal cortexD2 receptorsDopamine metabolismBrain areasNeurogenetic mechanismsAddictionThickness alterationsPrecuneusGyrusDopamineResponse to stimuliCorrelation between the number of interstitial neurons of the white matter and number of neurons within cortical layers: Histological analyses in postnatal macaque
Ahmed B, Duque A, Rakic P, Molnár Z. Correlation between the number of interstitial neurons of the white matter and number of neurons within cortical layers: Histological analyses in postnatal macaque. The Journal Of Comparative Neurology 2024, 532: e25626. PMID: 39031698, PMCID: PMC11262481, DOI: 10.1002/cne.25626.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchWhite matter interstitial cellsInterstitial neuronsLayer 5Macaque cortexCortical neuronsGyral crownsInterstitial cellsStandardized cell numbersCell numberSulcal regionsDensity of neuronsLinear regionCortical layer thicknessLayer thicknessOverlying cortexCoronal sectionsHistological analysisDensityWhite matterNeuronsLayerCortical layersClinical perspectiveThicknessCortical thicknessDifferences in the neural correlates of schizophrenia with positive and negative formal thought disorder in patients with schizophrenia in the ENIGMA dataset
Sharkey R, Bacon C, Peterson Z, Rootes-Murdy K, Salvador R, Pomarol-Clotet E, Karuk A, Homan P, Ji E, Omlor W, Homan S, Georgiadis F, Kaiser S, Kirschner M, Ehrlich S, Dannlowski U, Grotegerd D, Goltermann J, Meinert S, Kircher T, Stein F, Brosch K, Krug A, Nenadic I, Sim K, Spalletta G, Banaj N, Sponheim S, Demro C, Ramsay I, King M, Quidé Y, Green M, Nguyen D, Preda A, Calhoun V, Turner J, van Erp T, Nickl-Jockschat T. Differences in the neural correlates of schizophrenia with positive and negative formal thought disorder in patients with schizophrenia in the ENIGMA dataset. Molecular Psychiatry 2024, 29: 3086-3096. PMID: 38671214, PMCID: PMC11449795, DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02563-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchNegative FTDBrain structural changesPositive FTDSymptom dimensionsBrain regionsENIGMA Schizophrenia Working GroupNegative formal thought disorderNeural correlates of schizophreniaRegional brain volume lossFormal thought disorderSchizophrenia Working GroupCorrelates of schizophreniaLateral temporal cortexBrain volume lossThought disorderNeurobiological underpinningsNeural correlatesNeuroimaging studiesTemporal cortexSchizophreniaCortical regionsCortical thicknessCellular underpinningsFTDMulti-site cohortMacro- and microvascular contributions to cerebral structural alterations in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis
Schmitzer L, Kaczmarz S, Göttler J, Hoffmann G, Kallmayer M, Eckstein H, Hedderich D, Kufer J, Zimmer C, Preibisch C, Hyder F, Sollmann N. Macro- and microvascular contributions to cerebral structural alterations in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Cerebrovascular And Brain Metabolism Reviews 2024, 44: 1629-1642. PMID: 38506325, PMCID: PMC11418673, DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241238935.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchInternal carotid artery stenosisInternal carotid artery stenosis patientsCerebral blood flowCarotid artery stenosisPeak width of skeletonized mean diffusivitySmall vessel diseaseContralateral alterationsArtery stenosisAsymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosisWhite matterAsymptomatic carotid artery stenosisCapillary transit time heterogeneityCerebral structural alterationsCortical thicknessMagnetic resonance imagingHemodynamic alterationsRisk factorsPatientsDTI metricsResonance imagingDorsal cingulate cortexBlood flowIschemic strokeMean diffusivityStenosisBridging the gap: improving correspondence between low-field and high-field magnetic resonance images in young people
Cooper R, Hayes R, Corcoran M, Sheth K, Arnold T, Stein J, Glahn D, Jalbrzikowski M. Bridging the gap: improving correspondence between low-field and high-field magnetic resonance images in young people. Frontiers In Neurology 2024, 15: 1339223. PMID: 38585353, PMCID: PMC10995930, DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1339223.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchSuper-resolution approachLow fieldsConvolutional neural networkSuper-resolution methodsImage qualityLow image qualityImage correspondencesNeural networkProcessing imagesLow-field imagesHigh-field systemsStandard imagesLow-field MR systemImproved correspondenceLow-field systemSurface areaImagesSingle pairWhite matter volumeMR systemSubcortical volumesMR technologyGlobal mean cortical thicknessCortical thicknessCortical volumeEffects of electroconvulsive therapy on cortical thickness in depression: a systematic review
Toffanin T, Cattarinussi G, Ghiotto N, Lussignoli M, Pavan C, Pieri L, Schiff S, Finatti F, Romagnolo F, Folesani F, Nanni M, Caruso R, Zerbinati L, Murri M, Ferrara M, Pigato G, Grassi L, Sambataro F. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cortical thickness in depression: a systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2024, 37: e44. PMID: 38343196, DOI: 10.1017/neu.2024.6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchElectroconvulsive therapyCortical thicknessBipolar depressionStructural magnetic resonance imaging studiesEffects of electroconvulsive therapyEfficacy of electroconvulsive therapyTreatment-resistant depressionECT protocolsLongitudinal cortical thicknessClinical efficacy of electroconvulsive therapyElectroconvulsive therapy treatmentsMagnetic resonance imaging studiesClinical responseDepressed patientsBiomarkers of clinical responseNeural mechanismsBrain areasFrontal regionsDepressionSystematic reviewClinical efficacyFollow-upIncreased CTImaging studiesPatientsAndrogen deprivation increases frontopolar cortical thickness in prostate cancer patients: an effect of early neurodegeneration?
Chaudhary S, Roy A, Summers C, Ahles T, Li C, Chao H. Androgen deprivation increases frontopolar cortical thickness in prostate cancer patients: an effect of early neurodegeneration? American Journal Of Cancer Research 2024, 14: 3652-3664. PMID: 39113873, PMCID: PMC11301281, DOI: 10.62347/wola8904.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchFrontopolar cortexCortical thicknessWorking memoryAndrogen deprivation therapyN-back performanceN-back taskProstate cancer patientsYears of educationPublished routinesNeural consequencesBrain changesBrain morphologyMediation analysisCT changesConsequences of androgen deprivation therapyMonths of androgen deprivation therapyTestosterone level changesImpact of androgen deprivation therapyCancer patientsNon-metastatic prostate cancerTestosterone levelsResponse to androgen deprivationLong duration of treatmentBrain imagingNeurodegenerative changes
2023
Examining the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and disruptions in cortical networks identified using data-driven methods
Yang J, Huggins A, Sun D, Baird C, Haswell C, Frijling J, Olff M, van Zuiden M, Koch S, Nawijn L, Veltman D, Suarez-Jimenez B, Zhu X, Neria Y, Hudson A, Mueller S, Baker J, Lebois L, Kaufman M, Qi R, Lu G, Říha P, Rektor I, Dennis E, Ching C, Thomopoulos S, Salminen L, Jahanshad N, Thompson P, Stein D, Koopowitz S, Ipser J, Seedat S, du Plessis S, van den Heuvel L, Wang L, Zhu Y, Li G, Sierk A, Manthey A, Walter H, Daniels J, Schmahl C, Herzog J, Liberzon I, King A, Angstadt M, Davenport N, Sponheim S, Disner S, Straube T, Hofmann D, Grupe D, Nitschke J, Davidson R, Larson C, deRoon-Cassini T, Blackford J, Olatunji B, Gordon E, May G, Nelson S, Abdallah C, Levy I, Harpaz-Rotem I, Krystal J, Morey R, Sotiras A. Examining the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and disruptions in cortical networks identified using data-driven methods. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023, 49: 609-619. PMID: 38017161, PMCID: PMC10789873, DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01763-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchPosttraumatic stress disorderStructural covariance networksCortical thicknessPTSD diagnosisInsular cortexPTSD patientsCingulate cortexSymptom severityBilateral superior frontal cortexStress disorderGreater cortical thicknessLower cortical thicknessChildhood trauma severitySuperior frontal cortexRegression analysisAnterior cingulate cortexTrauma-exposed controlsPosterior cingulate cortexPrefrontal regulatory regionsPTSD symptom severityComorbid depressionMotor cortexHealthy controlsFrontal cortexAlcohol abuseNeural correlates of negative life events and their relationships with alcohol and cannabis use initiation
Zhao Y, Potenza M, Tapert S, Paulus M. Neural correlates of negative life events and their relationships with alcohol and cannabis use initiation. Dialogues In Clinical Neuroscience 2023, 25: 112-121. PMID: 37916739, PMCID: PMC10623894, DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2023.2252437.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNegative life eventsCannabis initiationGreater cortical thicknessCaudate gray matter volumeGray matter volumeDose-response relationshipOdds of alcoholLife eventsInitiation of alcoholSubstance Use InitiationCortical thicknessSubstance-naïveSuperior temporal sulcusNeural pathwaysCannabis useBrain structuresAlcohol useUse initiationAlcohol initiationSubstance use trajectoriesPoor academic performanceTemporal sulcusNeural mechanismsCannabisLinear regression modelsBeyond the Global Brain Differences: Intraindividual Variability Differences in 1q21.1 Distal and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Deletion Carriers
Boen R, Kaufmann T, van der Meer D, Frei O, Agartz I, Ames D, Andersson M, Armstrong N, Artiges E, Atkins J, Bauer J, Benedetti F, Boomsma D, Brodaty H, Brosch K, Buckner R, Cairns M, Calhoun V, Caspers S, Cichon S, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Dannlowski U, David F, de Geus E, de Zubicaray G, Desrivières S, Doherty J, Donohoe G, Ehrlich S, Eising E, Espeseth T, Fisher S, Forstner A, Fortaner-Uyà L, Frouin V, Fukunaga M, Ge T, Glahn D, Goltermann J, Grabe H, Green M, Groenewold N, Grotegerd D, Grøntvedt G, Hahn T, Hashimoto R, Hehir-Kwa J, Henskens F, Holmes A, Håberg A, Haavik J, Jacquemont S, Jansen A, Jockwitz C, Jönsson E, Kikuchi M, Kircher T, Kumar K, Le Hellard S, Leu C, Linden D, Liu J, Loughnan R, Mather K, McMahon K, McRae A, Medland S, Meinert S, Moreau C, Morris D, Mowry B, Mühleisen T, Nenadić I, Nöthen M, Nyberg L, Ophoff R, Owen M, Pantelis C, Paolini M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Persson K, Quidé Y, Marques T, Sachdev P, Sando S, Schall U, Scott R, Selbæk G, Shumskaya E, Silva A, Sisodiya S, Stein F, Stein D, Straube B, Streit F, Strike L, Teumer A, Teutenberg L, Thalamuthu A, Tooney P, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Trollor J, van ’t Ent D, van den Bree M, van Haren N, Vázquez-Bourgon J, Völzke H, Wen W, Wittfeld K, Ching C, Westlye L, Thompson P, Bearden C, Selmer K, Alnæs D, Andreassen O, Sønderby I, Group E. Beyond the Global Brain Differences: Intraindividual Variability Differences in 1q21.1 Distal and 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Deletion Carriers. Biological Psychiatry 2023, 95: 147-160. PMID: 37661008, PMCID: PMC7615370, DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.08.018.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMedial visual cortexCortical surface areaBrain differencesCortical thicknessTemporal poleVisual cortexDeletion carriersGlobal brain measuresRegional brain differencesCopy number variantsSuperior temporal cortexSomatosensory cortexBrain valuesAltered neurodevelopmentAuditory cortexGlobal differencesRegional differencesTemporal cortexNumber variantsPosterior cingulateCortexBrain structuresBrain measuresStandardized differenceNoncarriersThe association between duration of breastfeeding and the trajectory of brain development from childhood to young adulthood: an 8-year longitudinal study
Grevet L, Teixeira D, Pan P, Jackowski A, Zugman A, Miguel E, Rohde L, Salum G. The association between duration of breastfeeding and the trajectory of brain development from childhood to young adulthood: an 8-year longitudinal study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2023, 33: 1863-1873. PMID: 37650992, DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02283-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchOverall cortical thicknessDuration of breastfeedingTotal intracranial volumeCortical thicknessBrain developmentIntracranial volumeLong-term health benefitsHealth benefitsHigh-risk cohortTotal brain volumeGlobal cortical thicknessStructural brain developmentMental health benefitsMultiple confoundersCortical areasMRI scansBrain areasBrain volumeBreastfeedingMRI T1Time pointsBrain measuresEarly adulthoodYoung adulthoodLongitudinal study
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