2000
Glycoprotein Exchange Vectors Based on Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Allow Effective Boosting and Generation of Neutralizing Antibodies to a Primary Isolate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Rose N, Roberts A, Buonocore L, Rose J. Glycoprotein Exchange Vectors Based on Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Allow Effective Boosting and Generation of Neutralizing Antibodies to a Primary Isolate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Journal Of Virology 2000, 74: 10903-10910. PMID: 11069984, PMCID: PMC113169, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.23.10903-10910.2000.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRecombinant VSV vectorVesicular stomatitis virusNeutralizing antibodiesPrimary isolatesVSV vectorsHigh-titer neutralizing antibodiesHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1Human immunodeficiency virus envelope proteinImmunodeficiency virus type 1HIV primary isolatesCross-neutralizing antibodiesRecombinant vesicular stomatitis virusVirus type 1Effective vaccine vectorAntibody titersWild-type vesicular stomatitis virusHIV envelopeForeign antigensImmune responseVirus envelope proteinVSV Indiana serotypeVaccine vectorType 1AntibodiesG protein genePresence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 glycoprotein in VSV recombinant particles and induction of neutralizing BVDV antibodies in mice
Grigera P, Marzocca M, Capozzo A, Buonocore L, Donis R, Rose J. Presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 glycoprotein in VSV recombinant particles and induction of neutralizing BVDV antibodies in mice. Virus Research 2000, 69: 3-15. PMID: 10989181, DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00164-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsAntibodies, ViralBase SequenceCattleCell LineChimeraCricetinaeDiarrhea Viruses, Bovine ViralDNA, RecombinantFemaleMembrane GlycoproteinsMiceMice, Inbred BALB CNeutralization TestsRecombinant ProteinsVaccines, SyntheticVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsViral VaccinesConceptsBovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2BALB/c miceRecombinant vesicular stomatitis virusViral-induced diseasesC miceE2 antibodiesBVDV antibodiesVesicular stomatitis virusHigh avidityBVDV E2Recombinant E2Infected cellsDays post inoculationG glycoproteinE2Stomatitis virusMiceAntibodiesImmunofluorescence microscopyPost inoculationRecombinant particlesBHK21 cellsCellsSymptomsInfectionExpression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Protein Precursor and Envelope Proteins from a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Recombinant: High-Level Production of Virus-like Particles Containing HIV Envelope
Haglund K, Forman J, Kräusslich H, Rose J. Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Protein Precursor and Envelope Proteins from a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Recombinant: High-Level Production of Virus-like Particles Containing HIV Envelope. Virology 2000, 268: 112-121. PMID: 10683333, DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.0120.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAIDS VaccinesAnimalsCell LineDNA, RecombinantGene Products, gagGenetic VectorsHIV Envelope Protein gp120HIV-1HumansMembrane GlycoproteinsMicroscopy, ElectronPlasmidsProtein PrecursorsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsVaccines, AttenuatedVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsVirionConceptsHIV virus-like particlesVirus-like particlesEnv proteinHIV-1HIV-1 envelope proteinAntibody-mediated immunityHigh-level productionRecombinant vesicular stomatitis virusVSV particlesHIV Env proteinEnvelope proteinEffective vaccine vectorHIV-like particlesProtein precursorHIV envelopeHigh-level expression vectorVaccine vectorHIV recombinantsVesicular stomatitis virusVirus titersVirus recombinantsVSV G proteinG proteinsStomatitis virusExpression vector
1999
Attenuated Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses as Vaccine Vectors
Roberts A, Buonocore L, Price R, Forman J, Rose J. Attenuated Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses as Vaccine Vectors. Journal Of Virology 1999, 73: 3723-3732. PMID: 10196265, PMCID: PMC104148, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.5.3723-3732.1999.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCattleCell LineCricetinaeFemaleGene ExpressionGenetic VectorsHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusInfluenza VaccinesMembrane GlycoproteinsMiceMice, Inbred BALB COrthomyxoviridae InfectionsRecombination, GeneticTime FactorsVaccines, AttenuatedVaccines, SyntheticVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsVirionConceptsVesicular stomatitis virusLethal influenza virus challengeComplete protectionInfluenza virus challengeRecombinant vesicular stomatitis virusSingle intranasal vaccinationInfluenza virus HAStomatitis virusIntranasal vaccinationLethal challengeIntranasal administrationVirus challengeMouse modelVaccine vectorVSV vectorsVirus HAInfluenza virusHemagglutinin proteinInfluenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) proteinG proteinsPathogenesisVirus hemagglutinin proteinVirusPresent studyVaccination
1998
A Plasma Membrane Localization Signal in the HIV-1 Envelope Cytoplasmic Domain Prevents Localization at Sites of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Budding and Incorporation into VSV Virions
Johnson J, Rodgers W, Rose J. A Plasma Membrane Localization Signal in the HIV-1 Envelope Cytoplasmic Domain Prevents Localization at Sites of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Budding and Incorporation into VSV Virions. Virology 1998, 251: 244-252. PMID: 9837788, DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9429.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsCell MembraneCells, CulturedCricetinaeCytoplasmGene Products, envHIV Envelope Protein gp120HIV-1HumansMembrane GlycoproteinsMicroscopy, ConfocalMolecular Sequence DataProtein Sorting SignalsRecombinant ProteinsStructure-Activity RelationshipVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsVirionConceptsVSV virionsMembrane-proximal amino acidsMembrane localization signalAmino acidsVesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virionsLocalization signalMembrane domainsG-tailsCytoplasmic tailVirus buddingPrevents localizationVirus virionsMutantsVSV proteinsProteinConfocal microscopyVSV recombinantsEnvelope proteinVSV glycoproteinHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 EnvVirionsHIV-1 envelope proteinEnv proteinTailHybridsRequirement for a non‐specific glycoprotein cytoplasmic domain sequence to drive efficient budding of vesicular stomatitis virus
Schnell M, Buonocore L, Boritz E, Ghosh H, Chernish R, Rose J. Requirement for a non‐specific glycoprotein cytoplasmic domain sequence to drive efficient budding of vesicular stomatitis virus. The EMBO Journal 1998, 17: 1289-1296. PMID: 9482726, PMCID: PMC1170477, DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.5.1289.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceAnimalsCD4 AntigensCell LineCell MembraneCricetinaeCytopathogenic Effect, ViralCytoplasmHumansMembrane GlycoproteinsMolecular Sequence DataMutationRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSequence DeletionSerial PassageVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsViral ProteinsVirionConceptsCytoplasmic domainEfficient buddingAmino acidsCytoplasmic domain deletion mutantEfficient virus buddingShort cytoplasmic domainCytoplasmic domain sequencesDomain deletion mutantVesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteinChimeric G proteinsTransmembrane domainDeletion mutantsInternal viral componentsVirus buddingGlycoprotein arrayVesicular stomatitis virusDomain sequencesViral buddingVirion morphologyG proteinsMatrix proteinsVSV GHuman CD4 proteinForeign sequencesBudding
1997
Construction of a Novel Virus That Targets HIV-1-Infected Cells and Controls HIV-1 Infection
Schnell M, Johnson J, Buonocore L, Rose J. Construction of a Novel Virus That Targets HIV-1-Infected Cells and Controls HIV-1 Infection. Cell 1997, 90: 849-857. PMID: 9298897, DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80350-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCD4 AntigensCricetinaeGene DeletionGene Expression Regulation, ViralGlycoproteinsGTP-Binding ProteinsHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansJurkat CellsKidneyMembrane GlycoproteinsMembrane ProteinsMicroscopy, ImmunoelectronMutagenesisReceptors, CXCR4Receptors, HIVRecombinant Fusion ProteinsVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsVirus ReplicationConceptsHIV-1-infected cellsHIV-1HIV-1 receptors CD4HIV viral loadHIV-1 infectionInfectious HIV-1Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virusT cell linesHIV infectionViral loadVesicular stomatitis virusTherapeutic valueReceptor CD4Targeted virusInfectionVirusEnvelope proteinCell linesStomatitis virusNormal cellsNovel virusCellsGlycoprotein geneCD4CXCR4Specific targeting to CD4+ cells of recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses encoding human immunodeficiency virus envelope proteins
Johnson J, Schnell M, Buonocore L, Rose J. Specific targeting to CD4+ cells of recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses encoding human immunodeficiency virus envelope proteins. Journal Of Virology 1997, 71: 5060-5068. PMID: 9188571, PMCID: PMC191739, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.7.5060-5068.1997.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell LineCricetinaeGene ExpressionGenetic VectorsHeLa CellsHIV Envelope Protein gp160HIV-1HumansMembrane GlycoproteinsProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalRabbitsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRecombination, GeneticVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsVirionConceptsRecombinant vesicular stomatitis virusHuman immunodeficiency virus envelope proteinHIV envelope proteinVesicular stomatitis virusHIV envelopeVirus envelope proteinEnvelope proteinHIV type 1 envelopeChimeric envelopesCD4-positive cellsReplication-competent recombinant virusesStomatitis virusHIV seraRecombinant virusesHIV vaccineSpecific infectionsPrimary isolatesHIV-1HIV gp120Chimeric envelope proteinsAlternative receptorLow titersVSV serumVSV infectivityVSV glycoprotein
1996
Foreign glycoproteins expressed from recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses are incorporated efficiently into virus particles.
Schnell M, Buonocore L, Kretzschmar E, Johnson E, Rose J. Foreign glycoproteins expressed from recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses are incorporated efficiently into virus particles. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 1996, 93: 11359-11365. PMID: 8876140, PMCID: PMC38062, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11359.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVSV G proteinDifferent membrane proteinsVesicular stomatitis virusG proteinsMembrane proteinsMembrane protein purificationEctodomain of CD4Virus particlesStomatitis virusWild-type virionsVirus fusion proteinExtra genesHybrid proteinCytoplasmic tailHelical nucleocapsidMammalian cellsRecombinant vesicular stomatitis virusVSV G.Fusion proteinMeasles virus fusion proteinSoluble proteinMembrane envelopeCell surfaceProtein purificationViral targetingExpression of Additional Genes in a Vector Derived from a Minimal RNA Virus
ROLLS M, HAGLUND K, ROSE J. Expression of Additional Genes in a Vector Derived from a Minimal RNA Virus. Virology 1996, 218: 406-411. PMID: 8610469, DOI: 10.1006/viro.1996.0211.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBase SequenceCapsidCD4 AntigensCell LineChloramphenicol O-AcetyltransferaseCloning, MolecularCricetinaeGene ExpressionGenetic VectorsMembrane GlycoproteinsMolecular Sequence DataPromoter Regions, GeneticRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRNA, ViralSemliki forest virusVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Core ProteinsViral Envelope ProteinsConceptsVSV G proteinG proteinsVSV G geneVesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteinTotal cell proteinMembrane fusion activityViral structural proteinsHost protein synthesisTissue culture cellsUnselected genesMultiple cloning siteInfectious particlesAdditional genesForeign genesPlasma membraneG RNADifferent proteinsStructural proteinsMajor proteinsRNA repliconsCell proteinsFusion activityRNA virusesProtein synthesisGenesThe minimal conserved transcription stop-start signal promotes stable expression of a foreign gene in vesicular stomatitis virus
Schnell M, Buonocore L, Whitt M, Rose J. The minimal conserved transcription stop-start signal promotes stable expression of a foreign gene in vesicular stomatitis virus. Journal Of Virology 1996, 70: 2318-2323. PMID: 8642658, PMCID: PMC190073, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.4.2318-2323.1996.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBase SequenceChloramphenicol O-AcetyltransferaseCloning, MolecularConserved SequenceGene Expression Regulation, ViralMembrane GlycoproteinsMolecular Sequence DataRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidRNA, ViralSerial PassageTranscription, GeneticVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsViral Plaque AssayConceptsForeign genesBacterial enzyme chloramphenicolNew transcription unitTranscription start sequenceWild-type titersTranscription unitFunctional chloramphenicolPolyadenylation signalEnzyme chloramphenicolCell biologyVesicular stomatitis virusVSV genomeIntergenic dinucleotideGene junctionStable expressionGlycoprotein geneGenesDNA copiesGlycoprotein mRNAInfectious VSVRecombinant virusesStomatitis virusStart sequenceRecombinant VSVSequence
1994
Novel infectious particles generated by expression of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein from a self-replicating RNA
Rolls M, Webster P, Balba N, Rose J. Novel infectious particles generated by expression of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein from a self-replicating RNA. Cell 1994, 79: 497-506. PMID: 7954815, DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90258-5.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsBeta-GalactosidaseCells, CulturedGenetic VectorsHumansMembrane GlycoproteinsModels, GeneticNeutralization TestsParticle SizeRepliconRNA VirusesRNA-Dependent RNA PolymeraseSemliki forest virusSerial PassageSpecies SpecificityTransfectionViral Envelope ProteinsViral Fusion ProteinsVirus ReplicationConceptsVesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteinVSV G proteinSemliki Forest virusStructural proteinsMembrane-enveloped vesiclesRNA repliconsSFV structural proteinsInfectious particlesViral structural proteinsTissue culture cellsVirus glycoproteinAnimal cellsSelf-replicating RNARNA replicaseG proteinsCulture cellsProteinRepliconVirus-like particlesVesiclesVSV serumCellsGlycoproteinExpressionReplicaseStimulation of Heterologous Protein Degradation by the Vpu Protein of HIV-1 Requires the Transmembrane and Cytoplasmic Domains of CD4
Buonocore L, Turi T, Crise B, Rose J. Stimulation of Heterologous Protein Degradation by the Vpu Protein of HIV-1 Requires the Transmembrane and Cytoplasmic Domains of CD4. Virology 1994, 204: 482-486. PMID: 8091684, DOI: 10.1006/viro.1994.1560.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAmino Acid SequenceBase SequenceCD4 AntigensGlycoproteinsHeLa CellsHIV-1Human Immunodeficiency Virus ProteinsHumansMembrane GlycoproteinsMolecular Sequence DataProtein Structure, TertiaryRecombinant Fusion ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsViral Envelope ProteinsViral Regulatory and Accessory ProteinsConceptsCytoplasmic domainTransmembrane domainHybrid proteinHeterologous protein degradationVesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteinRapid degradationAdditional hybridsProtein degradationExtracellular domainProtein VpuRelated sequencesVpu proteinDegradation systemEndoplasmic reticulumVSV GVpu expressionProteinVpuTransmembraneVirus glycoproteinRecent studiesDomainHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1Immunodeficiency virus type 1DegradationMutations in the membrane-spanning domain of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein that affect fusion activity
Owens R, Burke C, Rose J. Mutations in the membrane-spanning domain of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein that affect fusion activity. Journal Of Virology 1994, 68: 570-574. PMID: 8254774, PMCID: PMC236324, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.1.570-574.1994.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTransmembrane domainFusion activityVesicular stomatitis virus G proteinMembrane-spanning domainsCell surfaceSpecific amino acid sequencesAmino acid sequenceMembrane fusion activityAmino acid residuesMembrane fusion processCytoplasmic tail domainVirus G proteinCytoplasmic domainMutagenic analysisAcid sequenceChimeric proteinBasic residuesProtein ectodomainAcid residuesG proteinsHeLa cellsVirus envelope glycoproteinLipid bilayersProteinGp41 transmembrane
1993
Dynamic equilibrium between vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein monomers and trimers in the Golgi and at the cell surface
Zagouras P, Rose J. Dynamic equilibrium between vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein monomers and trimers in the Golgi and at the cell surface. Journal Of Virology 1993, 67: 7533-7538. PMID: 8230472, PMCID: PMC238219, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.12.7533-7538.1993.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntibodies, ViralAntibody SpecificityBiological TransportBrefeldin ACell CompartmentationCell MembraneCells, CulturedCricetinaeCyclopentanesGolgi ApparatusHexosaminidasesMembrane GlycoproteinsMutationPostural BalanceProtein ConformationProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsConceptsEndoplasmic reticulumHeterotrimer formationG proteinsMutant G proteinsG protein trimersVesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteinG protein subunitsVSV G proteinProtein moleculesG protein moleculesWild-type trimersMutant proteinsCytoplasmic domainCellular compartmentsCoexpression experimentsGlycoprotein monomersLonger chase periodsPlasma membraneProtein subunitsMu proteinProtein trimerForms trimersCell surfaceMonomeric subunitsProteinCytoplasmic domain requirement for incorporation of a foreign envelope protein into vesicular stomatitis virus
Owens R, Rose J. Cytoplasmic domain requirement for incorporation of a foreign envelope protein into vesicular stomatitis virus. Journal Of Virology 1993, 67: 360-365. PMID: 8093220, PMCID: PMC237371, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.1.360-365.1993.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsBase SequenceCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCell FusionFluorescent Antibody TechniqueGene Products, envHIV Envelope Protein gp120HIV Envelope Protein gp41HIV-1Membrane GlycoproteinsMolecular Sequence DataRecombinant Fusion ProteinsStructure-Activity RelationshipVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsViral Fusion ProteinsConceptsHIV-1 envelope proteinEnvelope proteinAnti-HIV-1 seraHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope proteinG proteinsHIV-1 entryVesicular stomatitis virus particlesHIV-1Vesicular stomatitis virusEnvelope glycoproteinWild-type G proteinStomatitis virusVSV particlesVSV G proteinVirus particlesTemperature-sensitive mutantPseudotypesSimultaneous expressionTransmembrane domainCytoplasmic domainCytoplasmic tailDefective transportVSV
1991
Membrane fusion activity, oligomerization, and assembly of the rabies virus glycoprotein
Whitt M, Buonocor L, Prehaud C, Rose J. Membrane fusion activity, oligomerization, and assembly of the rabies virus glycoprotein. Virology 1991, 185: 681-688. PMID: 1660200, DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90539-n.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntigens, ViralBase SequenceCell LineCentrifugation, Density GradientCricetinaeFlow CytometryGenetic Complementation TestGlycoproteinsHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKineticsMacromolecular SubstancesMembrane FusionMembrane GlycoproteinsMiceMolecular Sequence DataPlasmidsRabies virusRecombinant Fusion ProteinsVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsViral Fusion ProteinsConceptsVSV G proteinG protein trimersMembrane fusion activityVirus G proteinG proteinsRabies G proteinFusion activityHybrid proteinProtein trimerVesicular stomatitis virus G proteinVirus glycoproteinRabies virus glycoproteinCytoplasmic domainMembrane fusionExtracellular domainHeLa cellsRabies virus G proteinCell surfaceProteinVSV particlesSucrose gradientsVSV infectivityGlycoproteinSpike glycoproteinChemical crosslinkingFatty acid acylation is not required for membrane fusion activity or glycoprotein assembly into VSV virions
Whitt M, Rose J. Fatty acid acylation is not required for membrane fusion activity or glycoprotein assembly into VSV virions. Virology 1991, 185: 875-878. PMID: 1660205, DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90563-q.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFatty acid acylationVSV G proteinMembrane fusion activityVesicular stomatitis virusG proteinsWild-type G proteinFusion activityWild-type proteinTemperature-sensitive mutantCytoplasmic domainTransient expressionPresence of palmitateVSV virionsIndiana serotypeHeLa cellsExpression of CSProteinStomatitis virusLife cycleSyncytium formationExpressionMutantsAcylationVirionsVirusDissociation and reassociation of oligomeric viral glycoprotein subunits in the endoplasmic reticulum
Zagouras P, Ruusala A, Rose J. Dissociation and reassociation of oligomeric viral glycoprotein subunits in the endoplasmic reticulum. Journal Of Virology 1991, 65: 1976-1984. PMID: 1848313, PMCID: PMC240033, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.4.1976-1984.1991.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsWild-type ratesEndoplasmic reticulumMutant subunitsG proteinsCell surfaceG protein trimersWild-type subunitsFormation of heterotrimersWild-type moleculeWild-type trimersMutant proteinsRetention signalProtein trimerHeterotrimerSubunitsGlycoprotein subunitsProteinReticulumGlycoprotein formTrimerTransport blockHomotrimersReassociation
1990
A fusion-defective mutant of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein
Whitt M, Zagouras P, Crise B, Rose J. A fusion-defective mutant of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. Journal Of Virology 1990, 64: 4907-4913. PMID: 2168975, PMCID: PMC247981, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.4907-4913.1990.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsWild-type G proteinG proteinsMutant proteinsFusion activityMutant G proteinsFusion-defective mutantsAmino acids 117Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteinFormation of heterotrimersUncharged amino acidsTemperature-sensitive mutantNew glycosylation siteMutant glycoproteinsVesicular stomatitis virusGlycosylation sitesMembrane fusionRescue of virusVSV virionsExtracellular domainAmino acidsCell surfaceProteinVSV serotypesStomatitis virusMutants