1999
Glutamate and post-traumatic stress disorder: toward a psychobiology of dissociation.
Chambers RA, Bremner JD, Moghaddam B, Southwick SM, Charney DS, Krystal JH. Glutamate and post-traumatic stress disorder: toward a psychobiology of dissociation. Seminars In Clinical Neuropsychiatry 1999, 4: 274-81. PMID: 10553033, DOI: 10.153/scnp00400274.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPost-traumatic stress disorderGlutamate releaseNMDA antagonistsStress disorderN-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtypeDevelopment of PTSDDissociative symptomsStress exposureRecent preclinical dataTraumatic stress exposureHyperglutamatergic stateNeuroprotective potentialPreclinical dataNeural toxicityClinical studiesGlutamate receptorsTraumatized individualsPerceptual effectsPerceptual alterationsNeural plasticityAntagonistBrain functionSymptomsInfluence behaviorDrugs
1985
Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: Toward a psychobiology of post traumatic stress
van der Kolk B, Greenberg M, Boyd H, Krystal J. Inescapable shock, neurotransmitters, and addiction to trauma: Toward a psychobiology of post traumatic stress. Biological Psychiatry 1985, 20: 314-325. PMID: 2858226, DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(85)90061-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPost-traumatic stressStress-induced analgesiaTraumatic stressInescapable shockChronic post-traumatic stressCatecholamine depletionMassive psychic traumaEndogenous opioid releasePhysiological hyperreactivityTraumatized individualsPsychic traumaBehavioral sequelaeOpioid withdrawalPsychodynamic conceptsEndogenous opioidsPsychosocial meaningOpioid releaseMental disordersTraumaPhysiological componentsReexposureHuman equivalentAnalgesiaHyperreactivityAnimals