2025
Subcellular proteomics and iPSC modeling uncover reversible mechanisms of axonal pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Cai Y, Kanyo J, Wilson R, Bathla S, Cardozo P, Tong L, Qin S, Fuentes L, Pinheiro-de-Sousa I, Huynh T, Sun L, Mansuri M, Tian Z, Gan H, Braker A, Trinh H, Huttner A, Lam T, Petsalaki E, Brennand K, Nairn A, Grutzendler J. Subcellular proteomics and iPSC modeling uncover reversible mechanisms of axonal pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature Aging 2025, 5: 504-527. PMID: 40065072, PMCID: PMC11922768, DOI: 10.1038/s43587-025-00823-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAlzheimer's diseaseProximity labeling approachIPSC-derived neuronsSubcellular proteomicsCytoskeleton dynamicsPhosphorylated mTOR levelsDystrophic neuritesLipid transportBiological processesProtein turnoverAD modelHuman induced pluripotent stem cellsAmyloid depositsIPSC modelsProteomicsInduced pluripotent stem cellsPluripotent stem cellsMTOR inhibitionTherapeutic targetAxonal pathologyLabeling approachMTOR levelsMouse brainSpheroid formationAlzheimer
2022
PLD3 affects axonal spheroids and network defects in Alzheimer’s disease
Yuan P, Zhang M, Tong L, Morse T, McDougal R, Ding H, Chan D, Cai Y, Grutzendler J. PLD3 affects axonal spheroids and network defects in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 2022, 612: 328-337. PMID: 36450991, PMCID: PMC9729106, DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05491-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAxonal spheroidsAlzheimer's diseaseConduction blockadeNeural circuit abnormalitiesNeural network dysfunctionAmyloid removalCircuit abnormalitiesAge-dependent accumulationNetwork dysfunctionEndolysosomal vesiclesMouse modelNeuronal overexpressionCognitive declineAxonal connectivityDiseasePrecise mechanismBlockadePLD3Neural network functionSpheroid growthSevere disruptionCurrent sinkVoltage imagingSize-dependent mannerDysfunctionOligodendroglial macroautophagy is essential for myelin sheath turnover to prevent neurodegeneration and death
Aber ER, Griffey CJ, Davies T, Li AM, Yang YJ, Croce KR, Goldman JE, Grutzendler J, Canman JC, Yamamoto A. Oligodendroglial macroautophagy is essential for myelin sheath turnover to prevent neurodegeneration and death. Cell Reports 2022, 41: 111480. PMID: 36261002, PMCID: PMC9639605, DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111480.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCell typesLive-cell imagingNeurodegenerative disease pathophysiologySuch cell typesMouse geneticsAdult-onset neurodegenerative diseaseMacroautophagyCell imagingNeurodegenerative diseasesMyelin proteinsNeurodegenerationDisease pathophysiologyTurnoverMature oligodendrocytesCentral nervous systemAmphisomesMyelin sheath structureNeural functionNervous systemMyelin turnoverGeneticsMyelin sheathProgressive motor declineProteinHomeostasisKCNJ8/ABCC9-containing K-ATP channel modulates brain vascular smooth muscle development and neurovascular coupling
Ando K, Tong L, Peng D, Vázquez-Liébanas E, Chiyoda H, He L, Liu J, Kawakami K, Mochizuki N, Fukuhara S, Grutzendler J, Betsholtz C. KCNJ8/ABCC9-containing K-ATP channel modulates brain vascular smooth muscle development and neurovascular coupling. Developmental Cell 2022, 57: 1383-1399.e7. PMID: 35588738, DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.04.019.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsK-ATP channel functionVascular smooth muscle cell differentiationChannel functionSmooth muscle cell differentiationMuscle cell differentiationVascular smooth muscle developmentSmooth muscle developmentVSMC developmentHuman central nervous system disordersMuscle developmentVSMC differentiationCentral nervous system disordersCell differentiationChemical inhibitionVoltage-dependent calcium channelsATP-sensitive potassium channelsFunction mutationsCell progenitorsK-ATP channelsCerebral blood flowCell culture modelMolecular causesNervous system disordersIntracellular CaVasoconstrictive capacity
2021
Intravital Imaging of Neocortical Heterotopia Reveals Aberrant Axonal Pathfinding and Myelination around Ectopic Neurons
Li AM, Hill RA, Grutzendler J. Intravital Imaging of Neocortical Heterotopia Reveals Aberrant Axonal Pathfinding and Myelination around Ectopic Neurons. Cerebral Cortex 2021, 31: 4340-4356. PMID: 33877363, PMCID: PMC8328209, DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab090.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNeuronal clustersEarly postnatal developmentVivo calcium imagingEctopic neuronal clustersAxonal patternNeocortical heterotopiaHeterotopic neuronsCortical heterotopiaHeterotopia formationEctopic neuronsAnimal modelsTractable animal modelPostnatal developmentCalcium imagingBrain regionsInducible modelIntravital imagingNeuronsAxonal pathfindingAberrant patternsHeterotopiaMyelinationAxon guidanceCognitive disabilitiesLive mice
2018
Flexible Learning-Free Segmentation and Reconstruction of Neural Volumes
Shahbazi A, Kinnison J, Vescovi R, Du M, Hill R, Joesch M, Takeno M, Zeng H, da Costa NM, Grutzendler J, Kasthuri N, Scheirer WJ. Flexible Learning-Free Segmentation and Reconstruction of Neural Volumes. Scientific Reports 2018, 8: 14247. PMID: 30250218, PMCID: PMC6155135, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32628-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGigabytes of dataSupervised learning methodsHigh-energy synchrotron X-ray microtomographyHigh-quality reconstructionComputer visionHigh biological fidelityVirtual eyeSpectral confocal reflectance microscopyStack of imagesLearning methodsPipeline reconstructionContextual cluesDifferent modalitiesNeural volumeMouse datasetsBiological fidelityImagesData collectionPipelineGigabytesSegmentationMachineAlgorithmDatasetSufficient qualityLifelong cortical myelin plasticity and age-related degeneration in the live mammalian brain
Hill RA, Li AM, Grutzendler J. Lifelong cortical myelin plasticity and age-related degeneration in the live mammalian brain. Nature Neuroscience 2018, 21: 683-695. PMID: 29556031, PMCID: PMC5920745, DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0120-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMyelin degenerationYears of ageAge-related degenerationMyelin plasticityMyelin remodelingNeural processing speedBrain pathogenesisOligodendrocyte deathUnmyelinated axonsAxonal myelinMyelin coverageStructural remodelingMouse cortexMammalian brainPeak myelinationOligodendrocyte generationIndividual axonsMyelinating oligodendrocytesMyelin distributionDegenerationMyelin internodesNetwork homeostasisAxonsStructural plasticityRemodelingActivation of pial and dural macrophages and dendritic cells by cortical spreading depression
Schain AJ, Melo‐Carrillo A, Borsook D, Grutzendler J, Strassman AM, Burstein R. Activation of pial and dural macrophages and dendritic cells by cortical spreading depression. Annals Of Neurology 2018, 83: 508-521. PMID: 29394508, PMCID: PMC5965700, DOI: 10.1002/ana.25169.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBlood-brain barrierDendritic cellsDural macrophagesImmune cellsAnatomical relationshipMigratory dendritic cellsAnn NeurolTRPV1 axonsMeningeal nociceptorsHead painMigraine attacksNociceptor activationSubarachnoid spaceMeningeal macrophagesMacrophagesCortical eventsAxonsActivationAuraDuraDepressionMinutesCellsCellular eventsCSD
2017
Oxalate-curcumin–based probe for micro- and macroimaging of reactive oxygen species in Alzheimer’s disease
Yang J, Zhang X, Yuan P, Yang J, Xu Y, Grutzendler J, Shao Y, Moore A, Ran C. Oxalate-curcumin–based probe for micro- and macroimaging of reactive oxygen species in Alzheimer’s disease. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2017, 114: 12384-12389. PMID: 29109280, PMCID: PMC5703278, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706248114.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCerebral amyloid angiopathyAD brainAlzheimer's diseaseTwo-photon imagingNIRF imagingAmyloid-beta plaquesROS levelsIrreversible neurodegenerative disorderAD pathological conditionsAge-related increaseReactive oxygen species levelsAmyloid angiopathyBeta plaquesOxygen species levelsDrug treatmentHealthy brainNeurodegenerative disordersDiseaseOxidative stressHigh ROS levelsPathological conditionsReactive oxygen speciesBrainFluorescence imaging probeOxygen speciesTargeted two-photon chemical apoptotic ablation of defined cell types in vivo
Hill RA, Damisah EC, Chen F, Kwan AC, Grutzendler J. Targeted two-photon chemical apoptotic ablation of defined cell types in vivo. Nature Communications 2017, 8: 15837. PMID: 28621306, PMCID: PMC5501159, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15837.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCell deathNucleic acid-binding dyeVivo functional consequencesCell type differencesPattern of apoptosisDose-dependent apoptosisComplex organismsMitochondrial fissionFluorescent proteinUnderstanding of mechanismsCell typesCell clearanceFunctional consequencesIndividual cellsDiverse organsDistinct populationsApoptosisMouse brainZebrafishMajor bottleneckNeural plasticityOrganismsSpeciesProteinApoptoticA fluoro-Nissl dye identifies pericytes as distinct vascular mural cells during in vivo brain imaging
Damisah EC, Hill RA, Tong L, Murray KN, Grutzendler J. A fluoro-Nissl dye identifies pericytes as distinct vascular mural cells during in vivo brain imaging. Nature Neuroscience 2017, 20: 1023-1032. PMID: 28504673, PMCID: PMC5550770, DOI: 10.1038/nn.4564.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2016
TREM2 Haplodeficiency in Mice and Humans Impairs the Microglia Barrier Function Leading to Decreased Amyloid Compaction and Severe Axonal Dystrophy
Yuan P, Condello C, Keene CD, Wang Y, Bird TD, Paul SM, Luo W, Colonna M, Baddeley D, Grutzendler J. TREM2 Haplodeficiency in Mice and Humans Impairs the Microglia Barrier Function Leading to Decreased Amyloid Compaction and Severe Axonal Dystrophy. Neuron 2016, 90: 724-739. PMID: 27196974, PMCID: PMC4898967, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAlzheimer's diseaseAxonal dystrophyAmyloid depositsAD-like miceHuman AD tissueLate-onset Alzheimer's diseaseNovel therapeutic strategiesTREM2 deficiencyTau hyperphosphorylationAD tissueMicroglia processesPharmacological modulationCompact plaquesTherapeutic strategiesHigh-resolution confocalTREM2 mutationsTREM2Barrier functionMiceGreater surface exposureAmyloid fibrilsHaplodeficiencyPlaquesDiseaseDystrophyTREM2-mediated early microglial response limits diffusion and toxicity of amyloid plaques
Wang Y, Ulland TK, Ulrich JD, Song W, Tzaferis JA, Hole JT, Yuan P, Mahan TE, Shi Y, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Grutzendler J, DeMattos RB, Cirrito JR, Holtzman DM, Colonna M. TREM2-mediated early microglial response limits diffusion and toxicity of amyloid plaques. Journal Of Experimental Medicine 2016, 213: 667-675. PMID: 27091843, PMCID: PMC4854736, DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151948.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAlzheimer's diseaseTREM2 deficiencyAβ accumulationNeuritic damageAβ plaquesMyeloid cellsAbsence of TREM2Impact of TREM2Rare TREM2 variantsAmyloid β accumulationBrain-resident microgliaMyeloid cells 2Peripheral blood monocytesEarly time pointsMicroglial clusteringMicroglial receptorΒ accumulationAβ depositsNeuronal degenerationTREM2 variantsAmyloid plaquesMurine modelBlood monocytesMatter of debateMicrogliaIncreased Nanoparticle Delivery to Brain Tumors by Autocatalytic Priming for Improved Treatment and Imaging
Han L, Kong DK, Zheng MQ, Murikinati S, Ma C, Yuan P, Li L, Tian D, Cai Q, Ye C, Holden D, Park JH, Gao X, Thomas JL, Grutzendler J, Carson RE, Huang Y, Piepmeier JM, Zhou J. Increased Nanoparticle Delivery to Brain Tumors by Autocatalytic Priming for Improved Treatment and Imaging. ACS Nano 2016, 10: 4209-4218. PMID: 26967254, PMCID: PMC5257033, DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07573.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAntineoplastic AgentsBiological TransportBlood-Brain BarrierBrain NeoplasmsCell Line, TumorDecanoic AcidsDrug Delivery SystemsEthanolaminesFemaleGenetic TherapyHeterograftsHumansMatrix Metalloproteinase 2MiceMice, Inbred C57BLNanoparticlesOptical ImagingPaclitaxelPermeabilityPolymersPurinesPyrazolesScorpion VenomsTranscytosisTumor MicroenvironmentConceptsBlood-brain barrierLow delivery efficiencyTransport of nanoparticlesCancer gene therapyNanoparticle deliveryMore nanoparticlesBrain tumorsNanoparticlesDelivery efficiencyGene therapySystemic deliveryNPsBrain malignanciesBBB modulatorsPharmacological agentsBrain cancerBrain regionsTumorsDeliveryBrainImproved treatmentInadequate amountsPositive feedback loopChemotherapyMalignancyAttenuation of β-Amyloid Deposition and Neurotoxicity by Chemogenetic Modulation of Neural Activity
Yuan P, Grutzendler J. Attenuation of β-Amyloid Deposition and Neurotoxicity by Chemogenetic Modulation of Neural Activity. Journal Of Neuroscience 2016, 36: 632-641. PMID: 26758850, PMCID: PMC4710779, DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2531-15.2016.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAlzheimer DiseaseAmyloid beta-PeptidesAmyloid beta-Protein PrecursorAnimalsCalcium-Binding ProteinsClozapineDesigner DrugsDisease Models, AnimalHumansInsulysinLysosomal Membrane ProteinsMaleMiceMice, TransgenicMicrofilament ProteinsNerve Tissue ProteinsNeurotoxicity SyndromesPresenilin-1Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosStyrenesTransduction, GeneticConceptsAmyloid plaquesAlzheimer's diseaseNeuronal activityAmyloid depositionDisease miceNeural activityAD-like mouse modelNeural activity reductionΒ-amyloid depositionAlzheimer's disease miceNovel therapeutic approachesPotential therapeutic strategyViral-mediated deliveryChemogenetic modulationSynaptic lossAβ depositionSynaptic pathologyNeural hyperactivityAmyloid pathologyAxonal dystrophyDendritic fieldsChronic attenuationDesigner receptorsTherapeutic approachesMouse model
2015
Massive accumulation of luminal protease-deficient axonal lysosomes at Alzheimer’s disease amyloid plaques
Gowrishankar S, Yuan P, Wu Y, Schrag M, Paradise S, Grutzendler J, De Camilli P, Ferguson SM. Massive accumulation of luminal protease-deficient axonal lysosomes at Alzheimer’s disease amyloid plaques. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2015, 112: e3699-e3708. PMID: 26124111, PMCID: PMC4507205, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510329112.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAmyloid plaquesNeuronal lysosomesAlzheimer's diseaseAlzheimer's disease brain pathologyLysosome accumulationAlzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid plaquesΒ-amyloid depositionΒ-amyloid depositsAmyloid precursor proteinLysosome-like organellesRetrograde axonal transportWild-type brainsSuch axonsSwollen axonsMassive accumulationAxonal lysosomesBrain pathologyAmyloidogenic processingMouse modelAmyloid depositsLuminal proteasesAxonal transportLocal impairmentNeuronal processesNeurodegenerative diseasesRegional Blood Flow in the Normal and Ischemic Brain Is Controlled by Arteriolar Smooth Muscle Cell Contractility and Not by Capillary Pericytes
Hill RA, Tong L, Yuan P, Murikinati S, Gupta S, Grutzendler J. Regional Blood Flow in the Normal and Ischemic Brain Is Controlled by Arteriolar Smooth Muscle Cell Contractility and Not by Capillary Pericytes. Neuron 2015, 87: 95-110. PMID: 26119027, PMCID: PMC4487786, DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSmooth muscle cellsCerebral blood flowBlood flowCapillary pericytesArteriolar smooth muscle cellsBlood flow regulationRegional blood flowNormal brain functionSmooth muscle actinSmooth muscle cell contractilityMuscle cell contractilityPericyte constrictionIschemic brainBrain ischemiaMicrovascular occlusionNeurovascular couplingMicrovascular diametersWhisker stimulationMuscle actinMuscle cellsBrain functionMajor causePathological conditionsPericytesVascular treeMicroglia constitute a barrier that prevents neurotoxic protofibrillar Aβ42 hotspots around plaques
Condello C, Yuan P, Schain A, Grutzendler J. Microglia constitute a barrier that prevents neurotoxic protofibrillar Aβ42 hotspots around plaques. Nature Communications 2015, 6: 6176. PMID: 25630253, PMCID: PMC4311408, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7176.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2014
In vivo imaging of oligodendrocytes with sulforhodamine 101
Hill RA, Grutzendler J. In vivo imaging of oligodendrocytes with sulforhodamine 101. Nature Methods 2014, 11: 1081-1082. PMID: 25357236, PMCID: PMC4539948, DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3140.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchA bifunctional curcumin analogue for two-photon imaging and inhibiting crosslinking of amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease
Zhang X, Tian Y, Yuan P, Li Y, Yaseen MA, Grutzendler J, Moore A, Ran C. A bifunctional curcumin analogue for two-photon imaging and inhibiting crosslinking of amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease. Chemical Communications 2014, 50: 11550-11553. PMID: 25134928, PMCID: PMC4617557, DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03731f.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
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