2022
High-Efficacy Therapies for Treatment-Naïve Individuals with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Freeman L, Longbrake E, Coyle P, Hendin B, Vollmer T. High-Efficacy Therapies for Treatment-Naïve Individuals with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2022, 36: 1285-1299. PMID: 36350491, PMCID: PMC9645316, DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00965-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRelapsing-remitting multiple sclerosisHigh-efficacy therapiesMultiple sclerosisClinical benefitEarly treatmentRecent international consensus guidelinesLong-term clinical outcomesAvailable treatment optionsInternational consensus guidelinesTreatment-naïve individualsMechanism of actionDMT optionsMS careDisease courseClinical outcomesConsensus guidelinesTherapy optionsTreatment optionsNeurological damageTreatment strategiesEscalation approachClinical practiceUS FoodDrug AdministrationPatients
2021
Influence of immunomodulatory drugs on the gut microbiota
Cohen I, Ruff WE, Longbrake EE. Influence of immunomodulatory drugs on the gut microbiota. Translational Research 2021, 233: 144-161. PMID: 33515779, PMCID: PMC8184576, DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.01.009.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptive ImmunityCell ProliferationCytokinesFemaleGastrointestinal MicrobiomeHost Microbial InteractionsHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsImmunity, InnateImmunity, MucosalImmunologic FactorsImmunomodulationLymphocytesMaleModels, ImmunologicalSex FactorsTranslational Research, BiomedicalConceptsImmune checkpoint inhibitorsGut microbiotaCheckpoint inhibitorsAutoimmune diseasesMainstay of treatmentType of immunotherapyInflammatory cytokine inhibitorComprehensive literature searchMechanism of actionImmunomodulatory medicationsDrug-induced shiftImmunomodulatory drugsCytokine inhibitorsImmunotherapy effectImmune cellsClinical significanceImmune responseMost immunotherapiesCommensal microbesDrug efficacyImmunotherapyLiterature searchAntiproliferative drugsMedicationsMicrobiota
2015
Dimethyl fumarate selectively reduces memory T cells in multiple sclerosis patients
Longbrake E, Ramsbottom M, Cantoni C, Ghezzi L, Cross A, Piccio L. Dimethyl fumarate selectively reduces memory T cells in multiple sclerosis patients. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2015, 22: 1061-1070. PMID: 26459150, PMCID: PMC4829494, DOI: 10.1177/1352458515608961.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDMF-treated patientsMemory T cellsMultiple sclerosis patientsT cellsMS patientsDendritic cellsSclerosis patientsEffector memory T cellsUntreated MS patientsMyeloid dendritic cellsAbsolute lymphocyte countPlasmacytoid dendritic cellsNatural killer cellsNaïve T cellsMechanism of actionLymphocyte countLymphopenic patientsRegulatory cellsKiller cellsPeripheral bloodImmune cellsHealthy controlsPatientsB cellsFlow cytometry
2009
Why did IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy fail in multiple sclerosis?
Longbrake EE, Racke MK. Why did IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy fail in multiple sclerosis? Expert Review Of Neurotherapeutics 2009, 9: 319-321. PMID: 19271940, DOI: 10.1586/14737175.9.3.319.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMultiple sclerosisRelapsing-remitting multiple sclerosisIL-12/ILPhase II clinical trialDose-ranging studyPhase I trialMechanism of actionRadiologic improvementAdvanced diseaseTherapy failsIL-23I trialIL-12/23IL-12Study inclusionPlacebo controlClinical trialsSubcutaneous injectionTreatment groupsAnimal modelsSclerosisPatientsAntibodiesTreatment effectsPhase II