2025
Systemic in utero gene editing as a treatment for cystic fibrosis
Ricciardi A, Barone C, Putman R, Quijano E, Gupta A, Nguyen R, Mandl H, Piotrowski-Daspit A, Lopez-Giraldez F, Luks V, Freedman-Weiss M, Farrelly J, Ahle S, Lynn A, Glazer P, Saltzman W, Stitelman D, Egan M. Systemic in utero gene editing as a treatment for cystic fibrosis. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2025, 122: e2418731122. PMID: 40493185, PMCID: PMC12184489, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2418731122.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsUtero gene editingCystic fibrosisCF transmembrane conductance regulatorTreat CF patientsTransmembrane conductance regulatorWild-type miceIrreversible organ damageNormal organ developmentTreat monogenic diseasesCFTR activityCF patientsConductance regulatorDisease-causing genesMultiorgan diseaseDisease improvementOrgan damageGene editingMonogenic diseasesMutation correctionPolymeric nanoparticlesGastrointestinal tissuesDiseaseBirthFibrosisReproductive systemENaC contributes to macrophage dysfunction in cystic fibrosis
Moran J, Pugh C, Brown N, Thomas A, Zhang S, McCauley E, Cephas A, Shrestha C, Partida-Sanchez S, Bai S, Bruscia E, Kopp B. ENaC contributes to macrophage dysfunction in cystic fibrosis. American Journal Of Physiology - Lung Cellular And Molecular Physiology 2025, 329: l61-l69. PMID: 40454714, PMCID: PMC12181047, DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00009.2025.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulatorsMonocyte-derived macrophagesEpithelial sodium channelTransmembrane conductance regulatorCystic fibrosisImmune cellsProinflammatory cytokine productionENaC modulationENaC expressionConductance regulatorCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitionCytokine productionSodium channelsCF airway epithelial cellsReduced proinflammatory cytokine productionDecreased proinflammatory cytokine productionSodium channel expressionInfection controlTherapeutic targetAirway epithelial cellsIon channel dysfunctionReactive oxygen speciesIon channelsCFTR expressionCFTR dictates monocyte adhesion by facilitating integrin clustering but not activation
Younis D, Marosvari M, Liu W, Pulikkot S, Cao Z, Zhou B, Vella A, McArdle S, Hu L, Chen Y, Gan W, Yu J, Bruscia E, Fan Z. CFTR dictates monocyte adhesion by facilitating integrin clustering but not activation. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2025, 122: e2412717122. PMID: 39813254, PMCID: PMC11760921, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2412717122.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntegrin clusteringCF transmembrane conductance regulatorCystic fibrosisAdhesion defectsPathogenesis of cystic fibrosisClinically relevant disease modelsMembrane recruitmentTransmembrane conductance regulatorIntegrin activationTherapeutic strategy designRelevant disease modelsIntegrinCF monocytesCell adhesionMonocyte dysfunctionPatients' monocytesTissue infectionsConductance regulatorSuperresolution microscopyCortex formationLeukocyte-dependent inflammationInflammatory pathogenesisLeukocyte adhesionMonocytesInflammation
2024
Next generation triplex-forming PNAs for site-specific genome editing of the F508del CFTR mutation
Gupta A, Barone C, Quijano E, Piotrowski-Daspit A, Perera J, Riccardi A, Jamali H, Turchick A, Zao W, Saltzman W, Glazer P, Egan M. Next generation triplex-forming PNAs for site-specific genome editing of the F508del CFTR mutation. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2024, 24: 142-148. PMID: 39107154, PMCID: PMC11788067, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2024.07.009.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator geneF508del-CFTR mutationPeptide nucleic acidCFBE cellsBronchial epithelial cellsCystic fibrosisTriplex-forming peptide nucleic acidsDonor DNACFTR mutationsEpithelial cellsCFTR functionMutations associated with genetic diseasesPrimary nasal epithelial cellsAnalysis of genomic DNAGenetic diseasesIncreased CFTR functionDevelopment of peptide nucleic acidsImprove CFTR functionTransmembrane conductance regulatorAutosomal recessive genetic diseaseNasal epithelial cellsAir-liquid interfaceCystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cellsHuman bronchial epithelial cellsStructure-based discovery of CFTR potentiators and inhibitors
Liu F, Kaplan A, Levring J, Einsiedel J, Tiedt S, Distler K, Omattage N, Kondratov I, Moroz Y, Pietz H, Irwin J, Gmeiner P, Shoichet B, Chen J. Structure-based discovery of CFTR potentiators and inhibitors. Cell 2024, 187: 3712-3725.e34. PMID: 38810646, PMCID: PMC11262615, DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.046.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLarge-scale dockingIon channel drug discoveryStructure-based discoveryStructure-based optimizationMedicinal chemistryTested ligandsMolecular dockingSmall moleculesDrug discoveryCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorMoleculesAllosteric siteIonsDockingLigandSecretory diarrheaCystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulatorsChemistryTransmembrane conductance regulatorSuboptimal pharmacokineticsCFTR potentiatorsProminent role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis-related liver disease in mice
Bertolini A, Nguyen M, Zehra S, Taleb S, Bauer-Pisani T, Palm N, Strazzabosco M, Fiorotto R. Prominent role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis-related liver disease in mice. Journal Of Hepatology 2024, 81: 429-440. PMID: 38554847, PMCID: PMC11347101, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.041.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCystic fibrosis-related liver diseaseCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCFTR-KO miceDefective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCFTR-KOIntestinal permeabilityLiver diseaseGut-liver axisGut dysbiosisIncreased morbidityMortality of CF patientsAssociated with increased intestinal permeabilityLiver pathologyDevelopment of cholangiopathyCftr-knockout miceTransmembrane conductance regulatorIncreased intestinal permeabilityTargeted therapeutic strategiesFecal microbiota transferAttenuates liver diseaseExcessive inflammatory responseFITC-dextran assayPresence of neutrophilsActivation of pro-inflammatoryCFTR-knockoutNovel Approaches to Multidrug-Resistant Infections in Cystic Fibrosis
Murray T, Stanley G, Koff J. Novel Approaches to Multidrug-Resistant Infections in Cystic Fibrosis. Infectious Disease Clinics Of North America 2024, 38: 149-162. PMID: 38280761, DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.12.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMultidrug-resistant organismsCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCystic fibrosisBeta-lactam/beta-lactamase combinationDevelopment of inhaled formulationsMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusTherapeutic approachesMultidrug-resistant organism infectionSystemic adverse eventsMultidrug-resistant infectionsTransmembrane conductance regulatorRespiratory tract infectionsCystic fibrosis patientsGram-negative organismsInnovative therapeutic approachesPulmonary infectionTract infectionsConductance regulatorBurkholderia sp.Multidrug resistanceAdverse eventsTreatment optionsAntibiotic resistanceFibrosis patientsOptimal dose
2023
Epithelial TNF controls cell differentiation and CFTR activity to maintain intestinal mucin homeostasis
Reyes E, Castillo-Azofeifa D, Rispal J, Wald T, Zwick R, Palikuqi B, Mujukian A, Rabizadeh S, Gupta A, Gardner J, Boffelli D, Gartner Z, Klein O. Epithelial TNF controls cell differentiation and CFTR activity to maintain intestinal mucin homeostasis. Journal Of Clinical Investigation 2023, 133: e163591. PMID: 37643009, PMCID: PMC10575728, DOI: 10.1172/jci163591.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorTumor necrosis factorInflammatory bowel diseaseCell differentiationRegulate mucin productionCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitionCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator activityTumor necrosis factor treatmentInflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factorAnti-TNF therapyAbsence of tumor necrosis factorTransmembrane conductance regulatorCytokine tumor necrosis factorMucus-producing goblet cellsGenetic mouse modelsUpstream regulatorIncreased mucus accumulationAdult intestineConductance regulatorEpithelial signalsSignaling axisProgenitor cellsMouse modelNecrosis factorGut transit timeCFTR High Expresser Cells in cystic fibrosis and intestinal diseases
dos Reis D, Dastoor P, Santos A, Sumigray K, Ameen N. CFTR High Expresser Cells in cystic fibrosis and intestinal diseases. Heliyon 2023, 9: e14568. PMID: 36967909, PMCID: PMC10031467, DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14568.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchCystic fibrosisIntestinal diseaseCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorQuality of lifeIntestinal dysfunctionGastrointestinal diseasesIntestinal physiologyFibrosisDiseasePathophysiologyFibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorTransmembrane conductance regulatorCFTR leadConductance regulatorFuture therapies for cystic fibrosis
Allen L, Allen L, Carr S, Davies G, Downey D, Egan M, Forton J, Gray R, Haworth C, Horsley A, Smyth A, Southern K, Davies J. Future therapies for cystic fibrosis. Nature Communications 2023, 14: 693. PMID: 36755044, PMCID: PMC9907205, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36244-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMutation-specific drugsCystic fibrosisSymptom-directed treatmentMultisystem clinical manifestationsCystic fibrosis therapyCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorGenetic variantsClinical manifestationsFuture therapiesFibrosis therapyTranslational research collaborationsModulator drugsCFTR modulatorsSingle gene disordersHealth inequalitiesTherapyGene variantsImproved treatmentDrugsPatientsFibrosisFibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorGene disordersTransmembrane conductance regulatorStrategy group
2022
Loss of Serum Glucocorticoid-Inducible Kinase 1 SGK1 Worsens Malabsorption and Diarrhea in Microvillus Inclusion Disease (MVID)
Ahsan K, dos Reis DC, Barbieri A, Sumigray KD, Nottoli T, Salas PJ, Ameen NA. Loss of Serum Glucocorticoid-Inducible Kinase 1 SGK1 Worsens Malabsorption and Diarrhea in Microvillus Inclusion Disease (MVID). Journal Of Clinical Medicine 2022, 11: 4179. PMID: 35887942, PMCID: PMC9319011, DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144179.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMicrovillus inclusion diseaseSevere diarrheaInclusion diseaseFluid secretionCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorDouble knockout miceMicrovillus inclusionsGlucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1Carbohydrate malabsorptionKnockout miceIntestinal carbohydrateDiarrheaDiarrheal diseaseMalabsorptionMiceVillus enterocytesDiseaseLoss of MYO5BFunction mutationsApical cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorFibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorKinase 1SecretionIntestineTransmembrane conductance regulator
2020
Multi-dimensional clinical phenotyping of a national cohort of adult cystic fibrosis patients
Conrad D, Billings J, Teneback C, Koff J, Rosenbluth D, Bailey B, Jain R. Multi-dimensional clinical phenotyping of a national cohort of adult cystic fibrosis patients. Journal Of Cystic Fibrosis 2020, 20: 91-96. PMID: 32948498, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.08.010.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCF patientsCystic fibrosisClinical phenotypeChronic P. aeruginosa infectionDistal intestinal obstruction syndromeAdult cystic fibrosis patientsPseudomonas aeruginosa colonizationUS CF centersAdult CF patientsIntestinal obstruction syndromeTransmembrane conductance regulatorHigh-risk phenotypeWell-nourished groupCholestatic liver diseaseGroup of patientsCystic fibrosis patientsRates of pancreatic insufficiencyMulti-system disorderPancreatic malabsorptionObstruction syndromeChronic sinusitisConductance regulatorPancreatic insufficiencyCF centers
2019
CFTR-PTEN–dependent mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection
Riquelme SA, Lozano C, Moustafa AM, Liimatta K, Tomlinson KL, Britto C, Khanal S, Gill SK, Narechania A, Azcona-Gutiérrez JM, DiMango E, Saénz Y, Planet P, Prince A. CFTR-PTEN–dependent mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection. Science Translational Medicine 2019, 11 PMID: 31270271, PMCID: PMC6784538, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav4634.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCarboxy-LyasesColony Count, MicrobialCystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance RegulatorHCT116 CellsHumansHypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha SubunitImmunityInterleukin-1betaLungMice, Inbred C57BLMiddle AgedMitochondriaOxidantsOxidative StressPseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas InfectionsPTEN PhosphohydrolaseReactive Oxygen SpeciesSuccinatesConceptsCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorImmune-responsive gene 1Fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorEffect of PTENTransmembrane conductance regulatorPlasma membraneChromosome 10Reactive oxygen speciesConductance regulatorTumor suppressorTensin homologGene 1Mitochondrial functionMitochondrial activityAnti-inflammatory host responsesCell proliferationOxygen speciesPTENMyeloid cellsCFTR dysfunctionMetabolic defectsHost responseActivity contributesHomologComplexesPathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease: A Channelopathy Leading to Alterations in Innate Immunity and in Microbiota
Fiorotto R, Strazzabosco M. Pathophysiology of Cystic Fibrosis Liver Disease: A Channelopathy Leading to Alterations in Innate Immunity and in Microbiota. Cellular And Molecular Gastroenterology And Hepatology 2019, 8: 197-207. PMID: 31075352, PMCID: PMC6664222, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.013.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus StatementsConceptsCF-associated liver diseaseLiver diseaseCystic fibrosisInnate immunityCystic fibrosis liver diseaseEpithelial innate immunityCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorFibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorNonpulmonary causesCF adultsTransmembrane conductance regulatorLiver complicationsMutations of CFTRPediatric populationAltered microbiotaIntestinal diseaseBile secretionCF mortalityDiseaseNew drugsConductance regulatorPotential targetLife expectancyBasic defectPathophysiology
2018
Src kinase inhibition reduces inflammatory and cytoskeletal changes in ΔF508 human cholangiocytes and improves cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator correctors efficacy
Fiorotto R, Amenduni M, Mariotti V, Fabris L, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M. Src kinase inhibition reduces inflammatory and cytoskeletal changes in ΔF508 human cholangiocytes and improves cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator correctors efficacy. Hepatology 2018, 67: 972-988. PMID: 28836688, PMCID: PMC5783790, DOI: 10.1002/hep.29400.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAminophenolsAminopyridinesAnimalsBenzodioxolesBiliary TractCell Culture TechniquesChloride Channel AgonistsCystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance RegulatorCytokinesCytoskeletonEpithelial CellsFluorescent Antibody TechniqueHumansInduced Pluripotent Stem CellsInflammationMiceMicroscopy, ConfocalPyrimidinesQuinolonesSignal Transductionsrc-Family KinasesConceptsBiliary epitheliumCystic fibrosisToll-like receptor 4Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorFluid secretionActivated B cells (NF-κB) activationClinical liver diseaseStrong translational potentialCause of deathB cell activationSrc kinase inhibitionFibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorTransmembrane conductance regulatorInflammatory changesPharmacological therapyProinflammatory changesProinflammatory chemokinesInflammation contributesLiver diseaseHuman cholangiopathiesReceptor 4Healthy controlsLiver patientsCF patientsVX-770
2017
Ezrin links CFTR to TLR4 signaling to orchestrate anti-bacterial immune response in macrophages
Di Pietro C, Zhang PX, O’Rourke T, Murray TS, Wang L, Britto CJ, Koff JL, Krause DS, Egan ME, Bruscia EM. Ezrin links CFTR to TLR4 signaling to orchestrate anti-bacterial immune response in macrophages. Scientific Reports 2017, 7: 10882. PMID: 28883468, PMCID: PMC5589856, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11012-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCell LineCystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance RegulatorCytoskeletal ProteinsDisease Models, AnimalMacrophage ActivationMacrophagesMicePhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktPseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas InfectionsSignal TransductionToll-Like Receptor 4ConceptsCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorPI3K/AktFibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorTransmembrane conductance regulatorPI3K/Akt signalingConductance regulatorAnti-bacterial immune responseAkt signalingAltered localizationEzrinCystic fibrosis diseaseMφ activationAktProtein levelsFibrosis diseaseActivationImmune regulationPhagocytosisInductionDirect linkSignalingRegulatorImmune responseMΦMacrophagesLinaclotide activates guanylate cyclase‐C/cGMP/protein kinase‐II‐dependent trafficking of CFTR in the intestine
Ahsan K, Tchernychev B, Kessler MM, Solinga RM, Arthur D, Linde CI, Silos‐Santiago I, Hannig G, Ameen NA. Linaclotide activates guanylate cyclase‐C/cGMP/protein kinase‐II‐dependent trafficking of CFTR in the intestine. Physiological Reports 2017, 5: e13299. PMID: 28592587, PMCID: PMC5471438, DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13299.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsCell LineCell Line, TumorCell MembraneCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein KinasesCyclic GMPCyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type IICystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance RegulatorGuanylyl Cyclase C AgonistsHumansIntestinal MucosaMalePeptidesProtein TransportRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Guanylate Cyclase-CoupledSignal TransductionConceptsRat intestinal loopsLinaclotide treatmentFluid secretionIntestinal loopsCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCell surfaceFibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCell surface traffickingChronic idiopathic constipationIrritable bowel syndromeTransmembrane conductance regulatorIntestinal fluid secretionCell surface translocationReceptor guanylyl cyclaseHuman intestinal tissueCaco-2BBe cellsCFTR traffickingCFTR pathwaySubapical compartmentCellular signalingCGMP/PKGProtein kinaseSurface biotinylationIdiopathic constipationPathway components
2016
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator controls biliary epithelial inflammation and permeability by regulating Src tyrosine kinase activity
Fiorotto R, Villani A, Kourtidis A, Scirpo R, Amenduni M, Geibel PJ, Cadamuro M, Spirli C, Anastasiadis PZ, Strazzabosco M. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator controls biliary epithelial inflammation and permeability by regulating Src tyrosine kinase activity. Hepatology 2016, 64: 2118-2134. PMID: 27629435, PMCID: PMC5115965, DOI: 10.1002/hep.28817.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBiliary epithelial cellsLiver diseaseToll-like receptor 4 activityToll-like receptor 4 responsesCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorToll-like receptor 4Nuclear factorEpithelial cellsProinflammatory cytokine productionNovel therapeutic targetEpithelial barrier functionActivated B cellsFibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorTransmembrane conductance regulatorCytokine productionEpithelial inflammationInflammatory cellsInflammatory processReceptor 4Biliary damageInflammatory responseInflammatory cholangiopathyProtective effectBile secretionImmune pathwaysCFTR-associated ligand is a negative regulator of Mrp2 expression
Li M, Soroka CJ, Harry K, Boyer JL. CFTR-associated ligand is a negative regulator of Mrp2 expression. American Journal Of Physiology - Cell Physiology 2016, 312: c40-c46. PMID: 27834195, PMCID: PMC5283898, DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00100.2016.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingAnimalsCarrier ProteinsCells, CulturedChlorocebus aethiopsCOS CellsDown-RegulationGene Expression RegulationGolgi Matrix ProteinsHepatocytesHumansMaleMembrane ProteinsMembrane Transport ProteinsMiceMultidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2Multidrug Resistance-Associated ProteinsRatsRats, Sprague-DawleySignal TransductionConceptsPull-down assaysGST pull-down assaysCOOH-terminal PDZNegative regulatorCotransfected COS-7 cellsGlutathione S-transferase fusion proteinS-transferase fusion proteinATP-binding cassette (ABC) transportersTrans-Golgi networkCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorProtein-protein interactionsExchanger regulatory factor 1Fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorStreptavidin pull-down assaysTransmembrane conductance regulatorCOS-7 cellsRegulatory factor 1PDZ domainCell surface expressionPosttranscriptional regulationTransmembrane proteinPlasma membraneLLC-PK1 cellsCassette transportersCOS-7
2013
Regulated traffic of anion transporters in mammalian Brunner's glands: a role for water and fluid transport
Collaco AM, Jakab RL, Hoekstra NE, Mitchell KA, Brooks A, Ameen NA. Regulated traffic of anion transporters in mammalian Brunner's glands: a role for water and fluid transport. AJP Gastrointestinal And Liver Physiology 2013, 305: g258-g275. PMID: 23744739, PMCID: PMC3742856, DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00485.2012.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAnimalsAnion Transport ProteinsAquaporin 5BicarbonatesBiological TransportBrunner GlandsCarbacholCeliac DiseaseChloridesCyclic AMPCystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance RegulatorDuodenumHumansMaleProtonsRatsRats, Sprague-DawleySecond Messenger SystemsVacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPasesWaterConceptsCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorV-ATPaseProton-pumping vacuolar ATPaseApical membraneDistinct membrane domainsFibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorRat Brunner's glandsTransmembrane conductance regulatorSodium bicarbonate cotransporterAnion transportersApical traffickingMembrane domainsChloride cotransporter 1Secretion of glycoproteinsVacuolar ATPaseSecond messenger activationTransporter localizationConductance regulatorSubcellular distributionAquaporin 5 water channelFunctional transportPKA inhibitorAntimicrobial peptidesTransportersBasolateral membrane
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