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Gordon M. Shepherd grew up in Iowa, and received his B.S. at Iowa State College in 1955, M.D. at Harvard in 1959, and D.Phil. at Oxford in 1962. After postdoctoral training at NIH, MIT and the Karolinska Institute he joined the faculty at Yale Medical School, where he is Professor of Neuroscience. He introduced the olfactory system as a model for analyzing the properties of neurons and synapses in the brain and the formation of neural images of olfactory molecules. His research has contributed to properties of neuronal dendrites and spines, olfactory processing, and development of the new fields of computational neuroscience, brain microcircuits, neuroinformatics, and neurogastronomy. He has trained over 70 graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and visiting scientists, and published over 280 articles and reviews, with continuous grant support since 1966. His books include The Synaptic Organization of the Brain (5 ed.), Neurobiology (3 ed.), Handbook of Brain Microcircuits, and Neurogastronomy; in the history of neuroscience are Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine, Creating Modern Neuroscience, and Mosso's Circulation of Blood in the Human Brain. He has been chief editor of the Journal of Neurophysiology and Journal of Neuroscience. Visiting positions have included the University of Pennsylvania, College de France, Simon Fraser University, Santa Fe Institute, Ecole Normale Superieure, Institute Pasteur, and Oxford University. He served as a Deputy Provost of Yale University, received honorary degrees from the Universities of Copenhagen and Pavia, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and past president of the Association for Chemoreception Sciences and the Cajal Club.

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We use mammalian olfaction as a model system because it has several distinct advantages: the olfactory bulb (OB) receives direct sensory input from olfactory receptors, but is only one synapse from the cortical level of perception; the OB has distinct laminae and cell types which facilitates functional analysis; the OB projects to olfactory cortex (OC), with only a three-layered cortical organization rather than the six layers found in neocortex, which simplifies analysis of activity and connectivitypatterns; and the OB is located on the dorsal surface, which allows access for in vivo imaging and manipulations.

With these advantages we have identified key steps along the way to smell perception. Odor molecules first bind differentially to the olfactory receptors. Activity markers 2-deoxyglucose and fMRI show that the receptor responses are represented by activity patterns in the olfactory glomeruli.

These patterns are processed by feedback and lateral inhibition in microcircuits between mitral and granule cells. The resulting output goes to the three layer olfactory cortex, which we have postulated has a functional organization involving feedback inhibition and excitation. We postulate that this was elaborated in evolution to form six layer neocortex.

Our laboratory contains a computational unit, carrying forward early experiments with Wilfrid Rall, the founder of computational neuroscience and the theoretical foundations of dendritic function. We apply these principles in parallel with experiments to explore mechanisms of information processing in dendritic spines, dendritic trees and cortical microcircuits.

We were among the originators of neuroinformatics, developing the SenseLab Project for the construction of databases for ion currents, receptors, and neurotransmitters in different neuron types, to facilitate the integration of these multidisciplinary data into a new generation of scaled up realistic 3-dimensional computational models of neurons and neuronal systems. Among them is ModelDB, a widely-used curated archive of membrane, neuron and microcircuit models, to enhance the interplay of experiment and modeling for better insight into the cellular basis of brain function.

\",\"summary\":\"

The main research interest of this laboratory is in the neuron as a complex system and in the synaptic organization of neurons into microcircuits in the brain. We focus on the ways that information processing by the neuron takes place through an interplay of the geometry of dendritic branching, the mechanisms of transduction of synaptic or sensory signals, and contributions of passive and active membrane properties.

Research Interests: Olfaction; synaptic organization; brain microcircuits; cortical evolution; computer modeling; neuroinformatics; history of neuroscience

Specialized Terms: Neuronal Dendrites; Dendritic Spines; Synaptic Organization; Olfactory System; Brain Microcircuits; Computational Neuroscience; Neuroinformatics; Functional Connectomes

\",\"researchInterests\":[\"Anatomy\",\"Dendrites\",\"Information Science\",\"Interneurons\",\"Nervous System\",\"Neurons\",\"Synapses\",\"Pyramidal Cells\",\"Dendritic Spines\",\"Organisms\",\"Phenomena and Processes\"],\"healthInterests\":[],\"researchImagesGallery\":null},\"publications\":[{\"title\":\"Twenty years of ModelDB and beyond: building essential modeling tools for the future of neuroscience.\",\"citation\":\"McDougal RA, Morse TM, Carnevale T, Marenco L, Wang R, Migliore M, Miller PL, Shepherd GM, Hines ML. Twenty years of ModelDB and beyond: building essential modeling tools for the future of neuroscience. Journal Of Computational Neuroscience 2017, 42:1-10.\",\"year\":2017,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27629590\",\"text\":\"Twenty years of ModelDB and beyond: building essential modeling tools for the future of neuroscience.\"}},{\"title\":\"Glomerular and Mitral-Granule Cell Microcircuits Coordinate Temporal and Spatial Information Processing in the Olfactory Bulb.\",\"citation\":\"Cavarretta F, Marasco A, Hines ML, Shepherd GM, Migliore M. Glomerular and Mitral-Granule Cell Microcircuits Coordinate Temporal and Spatial Information Processing in the Olfactory Bulb. Frontiers In Computational Neuroscience 2016, 10:67.\",\"year\":2016,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27471461\",\"text\":\"Glomerular and Mitral-Granule Cell Microcircuits Coordinate Temporal and Spatial Information Processing in the Olfactory Bulb.\"}},{\"title\":\"Role of ortho-retronasal olfaction in mammalian cortical evolution.\",\"citation\":\"Rowe TB, Shepherd GM. Role of ortho-retronasal olfaction in mammalian cortical evolution. The Journal Of Comparative Neurology 2016, 524:471-95.\",\"year\":2016,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25975561\",\"text\":\"Role of ortho-retronasal olfaction in mammalian cortical evolution.\"}},{\"title\":\"Synaptic clusters function as odor operators in the olfactory bulb.\",\"citation\":\"Migliore M, Cavarretta F, Marasco A, Tulumello E, Hines ML, Shepherd GM. Synaptic clusters function as odor operators in the olfactory bulb. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2015, 112:8499-504.\",\"year\":2015,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26100895\",\"text\":\"Synaptic clusters function as odor operators in the olfactory bulb.\"}},{\"title\":\"Comparison of glomerular activity patterns by fMRI and wide-field calcium imaging: Implications for principles underlying odor mapping.\",\"citation\":\"Sanganahalli BG, Rebello MR, Herman P, Papademetris X, Shepherd GM, Verhagen JV, Hyder F. Comparison of glomerular activity patterns by fMRI and wide-field calcium imaging: Implications for principles underlying odor mapping. NeuroImage 2016, 126:208-18.\",\"year\":2016,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26631819\",\"text\":\"Comparison of glomerular activity patterns by fMRI and wide-field calcium imaging: Implications for principles underlying odor mapping.\"}},{\"title\":\"Sparse coding and lateral inhibition arising from balanced and unbalanced dendrodendritic excitation and inhibition.\",\"citation\":\"Yu Y, Migliore M, Hines ML, Shepherd GM. Sparse coding and lateral inhibition arising from balanced and unbalanced dendrodendritic excitation and inhibition. The Journal Of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience 2014, 34:13701-13.\",\"year\":2014,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25297097\",\"text\":\"Sparse coding and lateral inhibition arising from balanced and unbalanced dendrodendritic excitation and inhibition.\"}},{\"title\":\"Perception of odors linked to precise timing in the olfactory system.\",\"citation\":\"Rebello MR, McTavish TS, Willhite DC, Short SM, Shepherd GM, Verhagen JV. Perception of odors linked to precise timing in the olfactory system. PLoS Biology 2014, 12:e1002021.\",\"year\":2014,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25514030\",\"text\":\"Perception of odors linked to precise timing in the olfactory system.\"}},{\"title\":\"Distributed organization of a brain microcircuit analyzed by three-dimensional modeling: the olfactory bulb.\",\"citation\":\"Migliore M, Cavarretta F, Hines ML, Shepherd GM. Distributed organization of a brain microcircuit analyzed by three-dimensional modeling: the olfactory bulb. Frontiers In Computational Neuroscience 2014, 8:50.\",\"year\":2014,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24808855\",\"text\":\"Distributed organization of a brain microcircuit analyzed by three-dimensional modeling: the olfactory bulb.\"}},{\"title\":\"Symposium overview and historical perspective: dendrodendritic synapses: past, present, and future.\",\"citation\":\"Shepherd GM. Symposium overview and historical perspective: dendrodendritic synapses: past, present, and future. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences 2009, 1170:215-23.\",\"year\":2009,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19686140\",\"text\":\"Symposium overview and historical perspective: dendrodendritic synapses: past, present, and future.\"}},{\"title\":\"The NIF LinkOut broker: a web resource to facilitate federated data integration using NCBI identifiers.\",\"citation\":\"Marenco L, Ascoli GA, Martone ME, Shepherd GM, Miller PL. The NIF LinkOut broker: a web resource to facilitate federated data integration using NCBI identifiers. Neuroinformatics 2008, 6:219-27.\",\"year\":2008,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18975149\",\"text\":\"The NIF LinkOut broker: a web resource to facilitate federated data integration using NCBI identifiers.\"}},{\"title\":\"Learning mechanism for column formation in the olfactory bulb.\",\"citation\":\"Migliore M, Inzirillo C, Shepherd GM. Learning mechanism for column formation in the olfactory bulb. Frontiers In Integrative Neuroscience 2007, 1:12.\",\"year\":2007,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18958240\",\"text\":\"Learning mechanism for column formation in the olfactory bulb.\"}},{\"title\":\"Odor-evoked oxygen consumption by action potential and synaptic transmission in the olfactory bulb.\",\"citation\":\"Lecoq J, Tiret P, Najac M, Shepherd GM, Greer CA, Charpak S. Odor-evoked oxygen consumption by action potential and synaptic transmission in the olfactory bulb. The Journal Of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience 2009, 29:1424-33.\",\"year\":2009,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193889\",\"text\":\"Odor-evoked oxygen consumption by action potential and synaptic transmission in the olfactory bulb.\"}},{\"title\":\"An energy budget for the olfactory glomerulus.\",\"citation\":\"Nawroth JC, Greer CA, Chen WR, Laughlin SB, Shepherd GM. An energy budget for the olfactory glomerulus. The Journal Of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience 2007, 27:9790-800.\",\"year\":2007,\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17804639\",\"text\":\"An energy budget for the olfactory glomerulus.\"}},{\"title\":\"Viral tracing identifies distributed columnar organization in the olfactory bulb.\",\"citation\":\"Willhite DC, Nguyen KT, Masurkar AV, Greer CA, Shepherd GM, Chen WR. Viral tracing identifies distributed columnar organization in the olfactory bulb. 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Spencer, M.D., HS ’77, the Harvey and Kate Cushing Professor of Neurosurgery. Spencer and Gordon M. 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After postdoctoral training at NIH, MIT and the Karolinska Institute he joined the faculty at Yale Medical School, where he is Professor of Neuroscience. He introduced the olfactory system as a model for analyzing the properties of neurons and synapses in the brain and the formation of neural images of olfactory molecules. His research has contributed to properties of neuronal dendrites and spines, olfactory processing, and development of the new fields of computational neuroscience, brain microcircuits, neuroinformatics, and neurogastronomy. He has trained over 70 graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and visiting scientists, and published over 280 articles and reviews, with continuous grant support since 1966. His books include The Synaptic Organization of the Brain (5 ed.), Neurobiology (3 ed.), Handbook of Brain Microcircuits, and Neurogastronomy; in the history of neuroscience are Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine, Creating Modern Neuroscience, and Mosso's Circulation of Blood in the Human Brain. He has been chief editor of the Journal of Neurophysiology and Journal of Neuroscience. Visiting positions have included the University of Pennsylvania, College de France, Simon Fraser University, Santa Fe Institute, Ecole Normale Superieure, Institute Pasteur, and Oxford University. He served as a Deputy Provost of Yale University, received honorary degrees from the Universities of Copenhagen and Pavia, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and past president of the Association for Chemoreception Sciences and the Cajal Club.\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/gordon_shepherd/\\\",\\\"email\\\":\\\"gordon.shepherd@yale.edu\\\",\\\"telephone\\\":\\\"+12037854336\\\",\\\"honorificSuffix\\\":[null,\\\"MD\\\",\\\"DPhil\\\"],\\\"award\\\":[],\\\"jobTitle\\\":[\\\"Professor Emeritus in the Department of Neuroscience\\\"],\\\"affiliation\\\":[{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Center for Biomedical Data Science\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://medicine.yale.edu/cbds/\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Computational Biology and Bioinformatics\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"http://bbs.yale.edu/computational\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://medicine.yale.edu/INP/index.aspx\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Neuroscience\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://medicine.yale.edu/neuroscience/\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Office of Cooperative Research\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"http://ocr.yale.edu/\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Shepherd Lab\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://medicine.yale.edu/lab/Shepherd/index.aspx\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Swartz Program in Theoretical Neurobiology\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Yale University\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://www.yale.edu/\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"}],\\\"alumniOf\\\":[{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Oxford University (1962)\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Harvard University (1959)\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"Organization\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Iowa State College, Zoology (1955)\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"}],\\\"image\\\":{\\\"@type\\\":\\\"ImageObject\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"https://ysm-res.cloudinary.com/image/upload/c_limit,f_auto,h_630,q_auto,w_1200/v1/yms/prod/6898deba-62bb-46e8-8e2c-1c15feef1f45\\\",\\\"description\\\":\\\"\\\",\\\"height\\\":1200,\\\"width\\\":630,\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"},\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"}],\\\"description\\\":\\\"Willhite DC, Nguyen KT, Masurkar AV, Greer CA, Shepherd GM, Chen WR. Viral tracing identifies distributed columnar organization in the olfactory bulb. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 2006, 103:12592-7.\\\",\\\"@context\\\":\\\"http://schema.org\\\"}\"}],\"isResearchProfile\":false}}],\"sidebarComponents\":[]}"

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