Research
Birth defects are now the major cause of infant death in the US and Europe. Despite their tremendous impact, we know very little about the causes of most birth defects. Prior research has focused on environmental causes, especially nutrition (such as folate). However, recent evidence indicates that genetics is important too. Our goal is to analyze the gene sequences (“exome”) of birth defect patients in order to find a gene that might explain their disease. Deciphering the genes that cause birth defects is particularly difficult, however. In order to tackle this problem, we combine patient driven gene discovery with developmental mechanism discovery in disease model systems, especially the frog model, Xenopus. This model organism is particularly well-suited for studying birth defect genes because experiments are fast and easy to perform, and as a tetrapod, Xenopus has many similarities to human development. Once we have identified a candidate gene from our patient, we test it in frog to see if it also causes a similar phenotype. If it does, then we try to understand the underlying developmental mechanisms. We try to figure out “how” the gene directs embryonic development.
Cilia IFT
membrane-RFP and IFT80-GFP, Xenopus epidermal cilia.
Epidermal Cilia
Xenopus epidermal cilia labelled with CLAMP-GFP and memRFP at CSHL Xenopus Course with Quantitative Imaging.
Bruker swept field confocal.
OTC Imaging
Ciliary IFT in WT embryo
Protrusions-60_480px
mem-RFP, H2B-GFP
Imaged on Nikon A1R - Robert Huebner
Cold Spring Harbor Lab - Xenopus Course
Cell Division
Imaged on Nikon A1R - Robert Huebner
Cold Spring Harbor Lab - Xenopus Course
Nikon A1R confocal
Neurotubulin-GFP transtenic, phalloidin, DAPI
2ᵒ antibody: Alexa Fluor 488 (GFP) 1:500
Phalloidin 568 F-actin (RFP) 1:500
By Cindy Kha , Xenopus Course CSHL, on Nikon A1R confocal.
- Congenital Malformations
- Imaging
- Cilia
- Notch
- Wnt
- Novel Gene Discovery
Congenital Malformations
Congenital Malformations - Ten Year Vision
Congenital malformation research will be transformed by the combination of 1) next generation human genomics and 2) functional analysis of candidate genes in model systems. In order to lead this revolution, we need to create a translational infrastructure that enrolls congenital malformations patients into genomics analyses, identifies candidate genes, and then tests those candidate genes in model systems for functional relevance. Once functional relevance is established, then deep mechanistic studies can discover the underlying developmental role. Go to the Congenital Malformations Research page to read about the long term aims of this research program.
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