2024
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Collaborators G, Brauer M, Roth G, Aravkin A, Zheng P, Abate K, Abate Y, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasi M, Abbasian M, Abbasifard M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, ElHafeez S, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdi P, Abdollahi M, Abdoun M, Abdulah D, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abedi A, Abedi A, Abegaz T, Zuñiga R, Abiodun O, Abiso T, Aboagye R, Abolhassani H, Abouzid M, Aboye G, Abreu L, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abukhadijah H, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Adane M, Addo I, Addolorato G, Adedoyin R, Adekanmbi V, Aden B, Adetunji J, Adeyeoluwa T, Adha R, Adibi A, Adnani Q, Adzigbli L, Afolabi A, Afolabi R, Afshin A, Afyouni S, Afzal M, Afzal S, Agampodi S, Agbozo F, Aghamiri S, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah B, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad N, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed L, Ahmed M, Ahmed S, Ahmed S, Ajami M, Akalu G, Akara E, Akbarialiabad H, Akhlaghi S, Akinosoglou K, Akinyemiju T, Akkaif M, Akkala S, Akombi-Inyang B, Al Awaidy S, Al Hasan S, Alahdab F, AL-Ahdal T, Alalalmeh S, Alalwan T, Al-Aly Z, Alam K, Alam N, Alanezi F, Alanzi T, Albakri A, AlBataineh M, Aldhaleei W, Aldridge R, Alemayohu M, Alemu Y, Al-Fatly B, Al-Gheethi A, Al-Habbal K, Alhabib K, Alhassan R, Ali A, Ali A, Ali B, Ali I, Ali L, Ali M, Ali R, Ali S, Ali W, Alicandro G, Alif M, Aljunid S, Alla F, Al-Marwani S, Al-Mekhlafi H, Almustanyir S, Alomari M, Alonso J, Alqahtani J, Alqutaibi A, Al-Raddadi R, Alrawashdeh A, Al-Rifai R, Alrousan S, Al-Sabah S, Alshahrani N, Altaany Z, Altaf A, Al-Tawfiq J, Altirkawi K, Aluh D, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk N, Alwafi H, Al-Wardat M, Al-Worafi Y, Aly H, Aly S, Alzoubi K, Al-Zyoud W, Amaechi U, Mohammadi M, Amani R, Amiri S, Amirzade-Iranaq M, Ammirati E, Amu H, Amugsi D, Amusa G, Ancuceanu R, Anderlini D, Anderson J, Andrade P, Andrei C, Andrei T, Anenberg S, Angappan D, Angus C, Anil A, Anil S, Anjum A, Anoushiravani A, Antonazzo I, Antony C, Antriyandarti E, Anuoluwa B, Anvari D, Anvari S, Anwar S, Anwar S, Anwer R, Anyabolo E, Anyasodor A, Apostol G, Arabloo J, Bahri R, Arafat M, Areda D, Aregawi B, Aremu A, Armocida B, Arndt M, Ärnlöv J, Arooj M, Artamonov A, Artanti K, Aruleba I, Arumugam A, Asbeutah A, Asgary S, Asgedom A, Ashbaugh C, Ashemo M, Ashraf T, Askarinejad A, Assmus M, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari S, Atorkey, Atreya A, Aujayeb A, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awoke A, Quintanilla B, Ayatollahi H, Portugal C, Ayuso-Mateos J, Azadnajafabad S, Azevedo R, Azhar G, Azizi H, Azzam A, Backhaus I, Badar M, Badiye A, Bagga A, Baghdadi S, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Taghanaki P, Bai R, Baig A, Baker J, Bakkannavar S, Balasubramanian M, Baltatu O, Bam K, Bandyopadhyay S, Banik B, Banik P, Banke-Thomas A, Bansal H, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Bardideh E, Barker-Collo S, Bärnighausen T, Barone-Adesi F, Barqawi H, Barrero L, Barrow A, Barteit S, Basharat Z, Basiru A, Basso J, Bastan M, Basu S, Batchu S, Batra K, Batra R, Baune B, Bayati M, Bayileyegn N, Beaney T, Behnoush A, Beiranvand M, Béjot Y, Bekele A, Belgaumi U, Bell A, Bell M, Bello M, Bello O, Belo L, Beloukas A, Bendak S, Bennett D, Bennitt F, Bensenor I, Benzian H, Beran A, Berezvai Z, Bernabe E, Bernstein R, Bettencourt P, Bhagavathula A, Bhala N, Bhandari D, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhat A, Bhat V, Bhatti G, Bhatti J, Bhatti M, Bhatti R, Bhuiyan M, Bhutta Z, Bikbov B, Bishai J, Bisignano C, Biswas A, Biswas B, Biswas R, Bjørge T, Boachie M, Boakye H, Bockarie M, Bodolica V, Bodunrin A, Bogale E, Bolla S, Boloor A, Hashemi M, Boppana S, Basara B, Borhany H, Carvajal A, Bouaoud S, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boxe C, Braithwaite D, Brant L, Brar A, Breitborde N, Breitner S, Brenner H, Briko A, Britton G, Brown C, Browne A, Brunoni A, Bryazka D, Bulamu N, Bulto L, Buonsenso D, Burkart K, Burns R, Busse R, Bustanji Y, Butt N, Butt Z, dos Santos F, Cagney J, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Calina D, Cámera L, Campos L, Campos-Nonato I, Cao C, Cao F, Cao Y, Capodici A, Cárdenas R, Carr S, Carreras G, Carrero J, Carugno A, Carvalho F, Carvalho M, Castaldelli-Maia J, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Catapano A, Cattaruzza M, Caye A, Cederroth C, Cegolon L, Cenderadewi M, Cercy K, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chakraborty C, Chakraborty P, Chakraborty S, Chan J, Chan R, Chandan J, Chandika R, Chaturvedi P, Chen A, Chen C, Chen H, Chen M, Chen M, Chen S, Cheng C, Cheng E, Cherbuin N, Chi G, Chichagi F, Chimed-Ochir O, Chimoriya R, Ching P, Chirinos-Caceres J, Chitheer A, Cho W, Chong B, Chopra H, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Chu D, Chukwu I, Chung E, Chung S, Chutiyami M, Cioffi I, Cogen R, Cohen A, Columbus A, Conde J, Corlateanu A, Cortese S, Cortesi P, Costa V, Costanzo S, Criqui M, Cruz J, Cruz-Martins N, Culbreth G, da Silva A, Dadras O, Dai X, Dai Z, Daikwo P, Dalli L, Damiani G, D'Amico E, D'Anna L, Darwesh A, Das J, Das S, Dash N, Dashti M, Dávila-Cervantes C, Weaver N, Davitoiu D, De la Hoz F, de la Torre-Luque A, De Leo D, Debopadhaya S, Degenhardt L, Del Bo' C, Delgado-Enciso I, Delgado-Saborit J, Demoze C, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Dervenis N, Dervišević E, Desai H, Desai R, Devanbu V, Dewan S, Dhali A, Dhama K, Dhane A, Dhimal M, Dhimal M, Dhingra S, Dhulipala V, Dhungana R, da Silva D, Diaz D, Diaz L, Diaz M, Dima A, Ding D, Dinu M, Djalalinia S, Chi T, Phuong T, do Prado C, Dodangeh M, Dohare S, Dokova K, Dong W, Dongarwar D, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Dorsey E, Doshi R, Doshmangir L, Dowou R, Driscoll T, Dsouza A, Dsouza H, Dumith S, Duncan B, Duraes A, Duraisamy S, Dushpanova A, Dzianach P, Dziedzic A, Ebrahimi A, Echieh C, Ed-Dra A, Edinur H, Edvardsson D, Edvardsson K, Efendi F, Eftekharimehrabad A, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo T, Arab R, Zaki M, El-Dahiyat F, Elemam N, Elgar F, ElGohary G, Elhabashy H, Elhadi M, Elmehrath A, Elmeligy O, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emeto T, Esfandiari N, Eshrati B, Eslami M, Esmaeili S, Estep K, Etaee F, Fabin N, Fagbamigbe A, Fagbule O, Fahimi S, Falzone L, Fareed M, Farinha C, Faris M, Faris P, Faro A, Fasina F, Fatehizadeh A, Fauk N, Fazylov T, Feigin V, Feng X, Fereshtehnejad S, Feroze A, Ferrara P, Ferrari A, Ferreira N, Fetensa G, Feyisa B, Filip I, Fischer F, Fitriana I, Flavel J, Flohr C, Flood D, Flor L, Foigt N, Folayan M, Force L, Fortuna D, Foschi M, Franklin R, Freitas A, Friedman S, Fux B, Sridevi G, Gaal P, Gaihre S, Gajdács M, Galali Y, Gallus S, Gandhi A, Ganesan B, Ganiyani M, Garcia V, Gardner W, Garg R, Gautam R, Gebi T, Gebregergis M, Gebrehiwot M, Gebremariam T, Gebremeskel T, Gerema U, Getacher L, Getahun G, Getie M, Ghadirian F, Ghafarian S, Jolfayi A, Ghailan K, Ghajar A, Ghasemi M, Dabaghi G, Ghasemzadeh A, Ghassemi F, Ghazy R, Gholami A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Gholizadeh N, Ghorbani M, Gil A, Gil G, Gilbertson N, Gill P, Gill T, Gindaba E, Girmay A, Glasbey J, Gnedovskaya E, Göbölös L, Godinho M, Goel A, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gomes N, Gopalani S, Gorini G, Goudarzi H, Goulart A, Gouravani, Goyal A, Graham S, Grivna M, Grosso G, Guan S, Guarducci G, Gubari M, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Gulati S, Gulisashvili D, Gunawardane D, Guo C, Gupta A, Gupta B, Gupta M, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta V, Gupta V, Gupta V, Habibzadeh F, Habibzadeh P, Hadaro T, Hadian Z, Haep N, Haghi-Aminjan H, Haghmorad D, Hagins H, Haile D, Hailu A, Ali A, Halboub E, Halimi A, Hall B, Haller S, Halwani R, Hamadeh R, Hamdy N, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Hammoud A, Hanif A, Hanifi N, Haq Z, Haque R, Harapan H, Hargono A, Haro J, Hasaballah A, Hasan I, Hasan M, Hasan S, Hasani H, Hasanian M, Hashmeh N, Hasnain S, Hassan A, Hassan I, Tabatabaei M, Hassani S, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Haubold J, Havmoeller R, Hay S, Hebert J, Hegazi O, Hegena T, Heidari G, Heidari M, Helfer B, Hemmati M, Henson C, Herbert M, Herteliu C, Heuer A, Hezam K, Hinneh T, Hiraike Y, Hoan N, Holla R, Hon J, Hoque M, Horita N, Hossain S, Hosseini S, Hosseinzadeh H, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Hoven H, Hsairi M, Hsu J, Hu C, Huang J, Huda N, Hulland E, Hultström M, Hushmandi K, Hussain J, Hussein N, Huynh C, Huynh H, Ibitoye S, Idowu O, Ihler A, Ikeda N, Ikuta K, Ilesanmi O, Ilic I, Ilic M, Imam M, Immurana M, Inbaraj L, Irham L, Isa M, Islam R, Ismail F, Ismail N, Iso H, Isola G, Iwagami M, Iwu C, Iwu-Jaja C, Vinothini J, Jaafari J, Jacob L, Jacobsen K, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Jahankhani K, Jahanmehr N, Jahrami H, Jain A, Jain N, Jairoun A, Jaiswal A, Jakovljevic M, Yengejeh R, Jamora R, Jatau A, Javadov S, Javaheri T, Jayaram S, Jeganathan J, Jeswani B, Jiang H, Johnson C, Jokar M, Jomehzadeh N, Jonas J, Joo T, Joseph A, Joseph N, Joshi V, Joshua C, Jozwiak J, Jürisson M, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kadashetti V, Kahn E, Kalani R, Kaliyadan F, Kalra S, Kamath R, Kanagasabai T, Kanchan T, Kandel H, Kanmiki E, Kanmodi K, Kansal S, Kapner D, Kapoor N, Karagiannidis E, Karajizadeh M, Karakasis P, Karanth S, Karaye I, Karch A, Karim A, Karimi H, Karmakar S, Kashoo F, Kasraei H, Kassahun W, Kassebaum N, Kassel M, Katikireddi S, Kauppila J, Kawakami N, Kaydi N, Kayode G, Kazemi F, Keiyoro P, Kemmer L, Kempen J, Kerr J, Kesse-Guyot E, Khader Y, Khafaie M, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khalil M, Khalilian A, Khamesipour F, Khan A, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khan M, Khanmohammadi S, Khatab K, Khatatbeh H, Khatatbeh M, Khatib M, Khavandegar A, Kashani H, Khidri F, Khodadoust E, Khormali M, Khorrami Z, Khosla A, Khosrowjerdi M, Khreis H, Khusun H, Kifle Z, Kim K, Kim M, Kim Y, Kimokoti R, Kisa A, Kisa S, Knibbs L, Knudsen A, Koh D, Kolahi A, Kompani F, Kong J, Koren G, Korja M, Korshunov V, Korzh O, Kosen S, Kothari N, Koul P, Laxminarayana S, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy V, Krishnamoorthy Y, Krishnan B, Krohn K, Defo B, Bicer B, Kuddus A, Kuddus M, Kugbey N, Kuitunen I, Kulimbet M, Kulkarni V, Kumar A, Kumar N, Kumar V, Kundu S, Kurmi O, Kusnali A, Kusuma D, Kutluk T, La Vecchia C, Ladan M, Laflamme L, Lahariya C, Lai D, Lal D, Lallukka T, Lám J, Lan Q, Lan T, Landires I, Lanfranchi F, Langguth B, Lansingh V, Laplante-Lévesque A, Larijani B, Larsson A, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, Le H, Le L, Le N, Le T, Leasher J, Ledda C, Lee M, Lee P, Lee S, Lee S, Lee Y, LeGrand K, Leigh J, Leong E, Lerango T, Lescinsky H, Leung J, Li M, Li W, Li W, Li Y, Li Z, Ligade V, Lim L, Lim S, Lin R, Lin S, Liu C, Liu G, Liu J, Liu J, Liu R, Liu S, Liu W, Liu X, Liu X, Livingstone K, Llanaj E, Lohiya A, López-Bueno R, Lopukhov P, Lorkowski S, Lotufo P, Lozano R, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Luo L, lv H, Amin H, Feei Z, Maass K, Mabrok M, Machairas N, Machoy M, Mafhoumi A, Razek M, Maghazachi A, Prasad D, Maharaj S, Mahmoud M, Mahmoudi E, Majeed A, Makram O, Makris K, Malasala S, Maled V, Malhotra K, Malik A, Malik I, Malinga L, Malta D, Mamun A, Manda A, Manla Y, Mansour A, Mansouri B, Mansouri P, Mansourian M, Mansournia M, Mantovani L, Manu E, Marateb H, Maravilla J, Marsh E, Martinez G, Martinez-Piedra R, Martini S, Martins-Melo F, Martorell M, Marx W, Maryam S, Mathangasinghe Y, Mathioudakis A, Matozinhos F, Mattumpuram J, Maugeri A, Maulik P, Mayeli M, Mazidi M, Mazzotti A, McGrath J, McKee M, McKowen A, McLaughlin S, McPhail M, McPhail S, Mechili E, Mehmood A, Mehmood K, Mehrabani-Zeinabad K, Nasab E, Meier T, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Meto T, Mekonnen B, Menezes R, Mengist B, Mensah G, Mensah L, Mentis A, Meo A, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mersha A, Mesfin B, Mestrovic T, Mettananda K, Mettananda S, Miazgowski T, Micha G, Michalek I, de Sá A, Miller T, Mirarefin M, Mirghafourvand M, Mirica A, Mirijello A, Mirrakhimov E, Mirshahi A, Mirzaei M, Mishra A, Mishra V, Mitchell P, Mithra P, Mittal C, Moazen B, Moberg M, Mocciaro G, Mohamadkhani A, Mohamed A, Mohamed A, Mohamed J, Mohamed M, Mohamed N, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadifard N, Mohammed H, Mohammed M, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Mokdad A, Monasta L, Mondello S, Moni M, Ghalibaf A, Moore C, Moradi M, Moradi Y, Moraga P, Morawska L, Moreira R, Morovatdar N, Morrison S, Morze J, Heris R, Mossialos E, Motappa R, Mougin V, Mousavi P, Msherghi A, Mubarik S, Muccioli L, Mueller U, Mulita F, Mullany E, Munjal K, Murillo-Zamora E, Murlimanju B, Musina A, Mustafa G, Muthu S, Muthupandian S, Muthusamy R, Muzaffar M, Myung W, Nafei A, Nagarajan A, Nagaraju S, Nagel G, Naghavi M, Naghavi P, Naik G, Naik G, Nainu F, Nair T, Najdaghi S, Ansari N, Nanavaty D, Nangia V, Swamy S, Davani D, Nascimento B, Nascimento G, Nashwan A, Natto Z, Nauman J, Navaratna S, Naveed M, Nayak B, Nayak V, Ndejjo R, Nduaguba S, Negash H, Negoi I, Negoi R, Nejadghaderi S, Nejjari C, Nematollahi M, Nepal S, Neupane S, Ng M, Nguefack-Tsague G, Ngunjiri J, Nguyen D, Nguyen N, Nguyen P, Phuong The Nguyen, Nguyen V, Minh D, Niazi R, Nicholson S, Nie J, Nikoobar A, Nikpoor A, Ningrum D, Nnaji C, Noman E, Nomura S, Noroozi N, Norrving B, Noubiap J, Nri-Ezedi C, Ntaios G, Ntsekhe M, Nunemo M, Nurrika D, Nutor J, Oancea B, O'Connell E, Odetokun I, O'Donnell M, Oduro M, Ogunfowokan A, Ogunkoya A, Oh I, Okati-Aliabad H, Okeke S, Okekunle A, Okonji O, Olagunju A, Olasupo O, Olatubi M, Oliveira A, Oliveira G, Olorukooba A, Olufadewa I, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Oluwafemi Y, Omar H, Bali A, Omer G, Ong K, Ong S, Onwujekwe O, Onyedibe K, Oppong A, Ordak M, Orish V, Ornello R, Orpana H, Ortiz A, Ortiz-Prado E, Osman W, Ostroff S, Osuagwu U, Otoiu A, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov S, Ouyahia A, Owolabi M, Oyeyemi I, Oyeyemi O, A M, Pacheco-Barrios K, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri J, Pal P, Palicz T, Pan F, Pan H, Pana A, Panda S, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandi-Perumal S, Pangaribuan H, Pantazopoulos I, Stoian A, Papadopoulou P, Parent M, Parija P, Parikh R, Park S, Park S, Parsons N, Pashaei A, Pasovic M, Passera R, Patil S, Patoulias D, Patthipati V, Paudel U, Pawar S, Toroudi H, Peden A, Pedersini P, Peng M, Pensato U, Pepito V, Peprah E, Peprah, Peres M, Perianayagam A, Perico N, Perna S, Pesudovs K, Petcu I, Petermann-Rocha F, Pham H, Philip A, Phillips M, Pickering B, Pierannunzio D, Pigeolet M, Pigott D, Piracha Z, Piradov M, Pisoni E, Piyasena M, Plass D, Plotnikov E, Poddighe D, Polkinghorne K, Poluru R, Pond C, Popovic D, Porru F, Postma M, Poudel G, Pour-Rashidi A, Pourshams A, Pourtaheri N, Prabhu D, Prada S, Pradhan J, Pradhan P, Prasad M, Prates E, Purnobasuki H, Purohit B, Puvvula J, Qasim N, Qattea I, Qazi A, Qian G, Qiu S, Rad M, Radfar A, Radhakrishnan R, Radhakrishnan V, Shahraki H, Rafferty Q, Rafiei A, Raggi A, Raghav P, Raheem N, Rahim F, Rahim J, Rahimifard M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman O, Rahman M, Rahmani A, Rahmani B, Rahmanian M, Rahmanian N, Rahmanian V, Rahmati M, Rahmawaty S, Raimondo D, Rajaa S, Rajendran V, Rajput P, Ramadan M, Ramasamy S, Ramasubramani P, Ramazanu S, Ramteke P, Rana J, Rana K, Ranabhat C, Rane A, Rani U, Ranta A, Rao C, Rao M, Rao P, Rao S, Rasella D, Rashedi S, Rashedi V, Rashidi M, Rashidi M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Ratan Z, Babu G, Rauniyar S, Rautalin I, Rawaf D, Rawaf S, Rawassizadeh R, Razo C, Reda Z, Reddy M, Redwan E, Reifels L, Reitsma M, Remuzzi G, Reshmi B, Resnikoff S, Restaino S, Reyes L, Rezaei M, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rhee T, Riaz M, Ribeiro A, Rickard J, Robinson-Oden H, Rodrigues C, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez J, Roever L, Romadlon D, Ronfani L, Rosauer J, Roshandel G, Rostamian M, Rotimi K, Rout H, Roy B, Roy N, Rubagotti E, de Andrade Ruela G, Rumisha S, Runghien T, Russo M, Ruzzante S, Chandan S, Saad A, Saber K, Saber-Ayad M, Sabour S, Sacco S, Sachdev P, Sachdeva R, Saddik B, Saddler A, Sadee B, Sadeghi E, Sadeghi M, Majd E, Saeb M, Saeed U, Safari M, Safi S, Safi S, Sagar R, Sagoe D, Sharif-Askari F, Sharif-Askari N, Sahebkar A, Sahoo S, Sahu M, Saif Z, Sajid M, Sakshaug J, Salam N, Salamati P, Salami A, Salaroli L, Salehi L, Salehi S, Salem M, Salem M, Salihu D, Salimi S, Salum G, Kafil H, Samadzadeh S, Samodra Y, Samuel V, Samy A, Sanabria J, Sanjeev R, Sanna F, Santomauro D, Santric-Milicevic M, Sarasmita M, Saraswathy S, Saravanan A, Saravi B, Sarikhani Y, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sarode G, Sarode S, Sartorius B, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sattin D, Sawhney M, Saya G, Sayeed A, Abu Sayeed, Sayyah M, Schinckus C, Schmidt M, Schuermans 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Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2162-2203. PMID: 38762324, PMCID: PMC11120204, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDisability-adjusted life yearsHigh body-mass indexTheoretical minimum risk exposure levelSocio-demographic indexBody-mass indexRisk-outcome pairsParticulate matter air pollutionChild growth failureBurden of diseaseGlobal disease burdenGlobal burdenHealth outcomesRisk factorsDisease burdenMetabolic riskAmbient particulate matter air pollutionSocio-demographic Index locationsGlobal Burden of Disease StudyBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseComparative risk assessment frameworkAge-standardised ratesExposure to risk factorsPopulation attributable fractionSpecific health outcomesGlobal burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2100-2132. PMID: 38582094, PMCID: PMC11126520, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00367-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAge-standardised death ratesChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseGlobal burdenLife expectancyObstructive pulmonary diseaseGlobal life expectancyHighest age-standardised death ratesLower respiratory infectionsDeath rateCause-specific death ratesGlobal Burden of Disease StudyCause-of-death dataDecompose life expectancyLatin AmericaBurden of Disease StudyGlobal Burden of DiseaseHigh-income super-regionAge-standardised deathAge-standardised ratesSubnational locationsStudy periodOut-of-sample predictive validityCause-of-death estimatesCause-specific estimatesGBD super-regions
2023
Population health outcomes in South Korea 1990–2019, and projections up to 2040: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Collaborators G, Park S, Kim M, Yon D, Lee S, Ward J, McLaughlin S, Mehlman M, Koyanagi A, Smith L, Jacob L, Agampodi S, Beiranvand M, Choi D, Hong S, Hosseinzadeh M, Kim C, Kim G, Kim J, Kim K, Kim S, Lee D, Lee H, Lee S, Lee Y, Mokdad A, Murray C, Okekunle A, Park E, Rabiee N, Shin Y, Hay S, Shin J. Population health outcomes in South Korea 1990–2019, and projections up to 2040: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Public Health 2023, 8: e639-e650. PMID: 37516480, PMCID: PMC10400799, DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00122-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsCost of IllnessFemaleGlobal Burden of DiseaseHumansLife ExpectancyMalePopulation HealthRisk FactorsConceptsNon-communicable diseasesDisease Study 2019Disease burdenPopulation health outcomesYears of lifeGlobal burdenHealth outcomesHigher systolic blood pressureAge-standardised DALYsSystolic blood pressureCause-specific mortalityAge-standardised ratesCause of deathUniversal health coverage systemSouth Korean populationHealth care policyRatio of maleBlood pressureRisk factorsTobacco useKorean populationMedical expendituresMelinda Gates FoundationMortalityHigher number