2019
Economic Evaluation of Extending Medicare Immunosuppressive Drug Coverage for Kidney Transplant Recipients in the Current Era
Kadatz M, Gill JS, Gill J, Formica RN, Klarenbach S. Economic Evaluation of Extending Medicare Immunosuppressive Drug Coverage for Kidney Transplant Recipients in the Current Era. Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology 2019, 31: 218-228. PMID: 31704739, PMCID: PMC6934999, DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019070646.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsKidney transplant recipientsQuality-adjusted life yearsTransplant recipientsTransplant survivalDrug coverageMedicare coverageTransplant failureImmunosuppressant drugsAdditional quality-adjusted life yearCohort of MedicareMultivariable survival analysisIncremental cost-utility ratioBetter patient outcomesCost-utility ratioImmunosuppressant medicationsTransplant functionImmunosuppressive drugsPatient outcomesMedicare payersSurvival analysisLife yearsIncremental costRecipientsSurvivalDrugsSafety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic activity of obinutuzumab, a type 2 anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for the desensitization of candidates for renal transplant
Redfield RR, Jordan SC, Busque S, Vincenti F, Woodle ES, Desai N, Reed EF, Tremblay S, Zachary AA, Vo AA, Formica R, Schindler T, Tran H, Looney C, Jamois C, Green C, Morimoto A, Rajwanshi R, Schroeder A, Cascino MD, Brunetta P, Borie D. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic activity of obinutuzumab, a type 2 anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for the desensitization of candidates for renal transplant. American Journal Of Transplantation 2019, 19: 3035-3045. PMID: 31257724, PMCID: PMC6899639, DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15514.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAgedAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedAntigens, CD20Antineoplastic Agents, ImmunologicalCohort StudiesDesensitization, ImmunologicFemaleFollow-Up StudiesGraft SurvivalHLA AntigensHumansKidney Failure, ChronicKidney TransplantationMaleMaximum Tolerated DoseMiddle AgedPatient SelectionPrognosisRisk FactorsTissue DistributionYoung AdultConceptsB-cell depletionSerious adverse eventsIntravenous immunoglobulinCell depletionAdverse eventsOpen-label phase 1b studyType 2Doses of IVIGIncomplete B cell depletionPanel reactive antibody scorePeripheral B-cell depletionEnd-stage renal diseasePhase 1b studyAnti-HLA antibodiesRetroperitoneal lymph nodesSingle antigen beadsTime of transplantCD20 monoclonal antibodyMedian followRenal transplantKidney transplantMost patientsWeek 24Lymph nodesRenal disease
2018
Analysis of Biomarkers Within the Initial 2 Years Posttransplant and 5-Year Kidney Transplant Outcomes
Faddoul G, Nadkarni GN, Bridges ND, Goebel J, Hricik DE, Formica R, Menon MC, Morrison Y, Murphy B, Newell K, Nickerson P, Poggio ED, Rush D, Heeger PS. Analysis of Biomarkers Within the Initial 2 Years Posttransplant and 5-Year Kidney Transplant Outcomes. Transplantation 2018, 102: 673-680. PMID: 29189482, PMCID: PMC6018026, DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002026.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedBiomarkersChemokine CXCL9Enzyme-Linked Immunospot AssayFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateGraft RejectionGraft SurvivalHumansInterferon-gammaInterferon-gamma Release TestsKidneyKidney TransplantationMaleMiddle AgedNorth AmericaPredictive Value of TestsProspective StudiesRisk FactorsTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeConceptsEnzyme-linked immunosorbent spotGraft lossAcute cellular rejectionKidney allograft lossKidney transplant outcomesGlomerular filtration rateMultivariable logistic regressionAllograft lossCellular rejectionCXCL9 levelsUrinary CXCL9Year posttransplantTransplant outcomesImmunosorbent spotUnivariable analysisChemokine measurementsFiltration rateSurrogate markerClinical trialsLate outcomesOrgan transplantationT cellsInterferon gammaAnalysis of biomarkersLogistic regression
2017
Utility of Applying Quality Assessment Tools for Kidneys With KDPI ≥80
Doshi MD, Reese PP, Hall IE, Schröppel B, Ficek J, Formica RN, Weng FL, Hasz RD, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Parikh C. Utility of Applying Quality Assessment Tools for Kidneys With KDPI ≥80. Transplantation 2017, 101: 1125-1133. PMID: 27490414, PMCID: PMC5290306, DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001388.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedBiomarkersBiopsyDecision Support TechniquesDonor SelectionFemaleGraft SurvivalHumansKaplan-Meier EstimateKidneyKidney TransplantationMaleMiddle AgedPredictive Value of TestsProcess Assessment, Health CareProspective StudiesQuality Indicators, Health CareRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsTissue DonorsTissue SurvivalTreatment OutcomeUnited StatesConceptsKidney Donor Profile IndexGroup 1High kidney donor profile indexDonor kidney poolViability of kidneysGlomerular filtration rateOutcomes of kidneysNumber of kidneysQuality assessment toolKidney poolViable kidneysBiopsy findingsGraft failureRenal resistanceDeceased donorsMulticenter studyFiltration rateBiomarker levelsGroup 3Kidney abnormalitiesKidneySignificant differencesHigh rateAssessment toolProfile index
2016
Belatacept and Eculizumab for Treatment of Calcineurin Inhibitor-induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy After Kidney Transplantation: Case Report
Merola J, Yoo PS, Schaub J, Smith JD, Rodriguez-Davalos MI, Tichy E, Mulligan DC, Asch W, Formica R, Kashgarian M, Kulkarni S. Belatacept and Eculizumab for Treatment of Calcineurin Inhibitor-induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy After Kidney Transplantation: Case Report. Transplantation Proceedings 2016, 48: 3106-3108. PMID: 27932157, DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.04.005.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCalcineurin inhibitorsHemolytic uremic syndromeThrombotic microangiopathyKidney transplantationUremic syndromeMinimization of CNIsAtypical hemolytic uremic syndromeWithdrawal of tacrolimusEarly graft lossFavorable clinical courseGraft dysfunctionGraft lossImmunosuppression strategiesUsual therapyClinical courseCase reportCTLA-4Endothelial reactionFrequent causeChallenging causeUncontrolled activationMonoclonal antibodiesCellular destructionMicroangiopathyComponent C5A critical assessment on kidney allocation systems
Formica RN. A critical assessment on kidney allocation systems. Transplantation Reviews 2016, 31: 61-67. PMID: 27919635, DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.10.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsKidney allocation systemKidney allocationKidney Donor Profile IndexNew kidney allocation systemDelayed graft functionCold ischemic timeDeceased donor kidneysNumber of transplantsOrgan procurement organizationsGraft functionKidney transplantationIschemic timeDonor kidneysTransplant centersOrgan discard ratesClose monitoringMedical needKidneyProcurement organizationsPatientsTransplantationAllocation systemLife savingSignificant declineProfile indexEculizumab Therapy for Chronic Antibody‐Mediated Injury in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Kulkarni S, Kirkiles‐Smith N, Deng YH, Formica RN, Moeckel G, Broecker V, Bow L, Tomlin R, Pober JS. Eculizumab Therapy for Chronic Antibody‐Mediated Injury in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal Of Transplantation 2016, 17: 682-691. PMID: 27501352, DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAgedAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedChronic DiseaseComplement C5Complement Inactivating AgentsEarly Intervention, EducationalFemaleFollow-Up StudiesGlomerular Filtration RateGraft RejectionGraft SurvivalHumansIsoantibodiesKidney Failure, ChronicKidney Function TestsKidney TransplantationLiving DonorsMaleMiddle AgedPilot ProjectsPrognosisRisk FactorsTissue DonorsTransplant RecipientsYoung AdultConceptsDe novo donor-specific antibodiesComplement inhibitionTreatment groupsNovo donor-specific antibodiesAntibody-Mediated InjuryC1q-positive patientsDonor-specific antibodiesKidney transplant recipientsPrimary end pointEndothelial cell injuryMo of observationEculizumab therapyEculizumab treatmentHumoral injuryTransplant recipientsKidney transplantRenal functionKidney functionChronic settingEGFR trajectoriesTreatment periodCell injuryPatientsEnd pointPercentage changeIntegrase strand transferase inhibitors: the preferred antiretroviral regimen in HIV-positive renal transplantation
Azar MM, Malinis MF, Moss J, Formica RN, Villanueva MS. Integrase strand transferase inhibitors: the preferred antiretroviral regimen in HIV-positive renal transplantation. International Journal Of STD & AIDS 2016, 28: 447-458. PMID: 27193421, DOI: 10.1177/0956462416651528.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInhibitor-based regimensRenal transplantationHIV/AIDSAntiretroviral regimenAntiretroviral therapyGraft survivalHIV-positive renal transplant recipientsEnd-stage renal diseaseHIV-positive patientsRenal transplant recipientsChronic kidney diseaseThree-year survivalInhibitor-based therapyNon-nucleoside reverseDrug-drug interactionsTransferase inhibitorsImmunosuppressive medicationsKidney transplantationTransplant recipientsAllograft rejectionGraft failureRenal diseaseCalcineurin inhibitorsClinical outcomesImmunosuppressive drugsChanges in Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation One Year After KAS Implementation
Stewart DE, Kucheryavaya AY, Klassen DK, Turgeon NA, Formica RN, Aeder MI. Changes in Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation One Year After KAS Implementation. American Journal Of Transplantation 2016, 16: 1834-1847. PMID: 26932731, DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13770.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAgedCadaverChildChild, PreschoolDelayed Graft FunctionDonor SelectionFemaleGovernment RegulationGraft SurvivalHealth Plan ImplementationHumansInfantInfant, NewbornKidney TransplantationMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesTime FactorsTissue and Organ ProcurementTissue DonorsUnited StatesYoung AdultConceptsKidney allocation systemDelayed graft function ratesNew kidney allocation systemGraft function rateGraft survival ratesCold ischemic timeKAS implementationLongevity matchingRecipient ageIschemic timeDonor kidneysSubsequent taperingFunction rateRecipient characteristicsOrgan procurementSurvival rateTransplantOne-yearBolus effectRecipientsKidneyDialysisExtended durationEarly impactYearsSimultaneous Liver–Kidney Allocation Policy: A Proposal to Optimize Appropriate Utilization of Scarce Resources
Formica R, Aeder M, Boyle G, Kucheryavaya A, Stewart D, Hirose R, Mulligan D. Simultaneous Liver–Kidney Allocation Policy: A Proposal to Optimize Appropriate Utilization of Scarce Resources. American Journal Of Transplantation 2016, 16: 758-766. PMID: 26603142, DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13631.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMayo End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scoreEnd-stage liver disease (MELD) scoreSimultaneous liver-kidney transplantKidney Donor Profile IndexConcurrent kidney transplantsLiver-kidney transplantLiver Disease scoreMedical Eligibility CriteriaLiver allocation policyOPTN Final RulePediatric recipientsKidney transplantRenal functionRenal insufficiencyUnited NetworkLiver candidatesTransplant communityDisease scoreOrgan donorsEligibility criteriaOrgan procurementTransplantation NetworkFinal ruleKidney allocationYoung adults
2015
Association Between Organ Procurement Organization Social Network Centrality and Kidney Discard and Transplant Outcomes
Butala NM, King MD, Reitsma W, Formica RN, Abt PL, Reese PP, Parikh CR. Association Between Organ Procurement Organization Social Network Centrality and Kidney Discard and Transplant Outcomes. Transplantation 2015, 99: 2617-2624. PMID: 26102610, PMCID: PMC4668206, DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000773.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsKidney volumeKidney Donor Risk IndexLower kidney volumesDelayed graft functionDonor risk indexKidney transplant waitlistCold ischemia timeDeceased donor kidneysHigher kidney volumeGraft functionGraft lossTransplant recipientsOrgan acceptanceTransplant outcomesDonor kidneysPrimary outcomeWaitlist timeRecipient outcomesScientific RegistryPrimary exposureTransplant waitlistKidney discardMultivariable regressionTransplant NetworkKidneyDuration of Prophylaxis against Fungal Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Guerra CM, Formica RN, Kulkarni S, Asch WS, Tichy EM. Duration of Prophylaxis against Fungal Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Progress In Transplantation 2015, 25: 311-315. PMID: 26645924, DOI: 10.7182/pit2015929.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsKidney transplant recipientsTransplant recipientsDuration of admissionCandida esophagitisFungal infectionsAdult kidney transplant recipientsEpisodes of thrushDuration of prophylaxisRetrospective chart reviewPrimary outcome measureFisher's exact testAdministration of nystatinStudent's t-testChart reviewOutcome measuresExact testEsophagitisProphylaxisRecipientsInfectionProtocol changesT-testAdmissionTransplantP-valueSwitching STudy of Kidney TRansplant PAtients with Tremor to LCP‐TacrO (STRATO): an open‐label, multicenter, prospective phase 3b study
Langone A, Steinberg S, Gedaly R, Chan L, Shah T, Sethi K, Nigro V, Morgan J, , Formica R, Barr Y, Brennan D, El‐Amm J, Kozlowski T, Matas A, West‐Thielke P, Kistler K. Switching STudy of Kidney TRansplant PAtients with Tremor to LCP‐TacrO (STRATO): an open‐label, multicenter, prospective phase 3b study. Clinical Transplantation 2015, 29: 796-805. PMID: 26113208, PMCID: PMC4755036, DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12581.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsKidney transplant recipientsPhase 3b studyDose reductionKidney transplant patientsPatient Global ImpressionCommon side effectsImmediate-release tacrolimusExtended-release formulationMovement disorder neurologistsFurther dose reductionTransplant recipientsMITT populationStable doseTransplant patientsGlobal ImpressionMarin scaleFahn-TolosaAUC exposureSide effectsPatientsTacrolimusMeaningful improvementsDrug concentrationsSignificant tremorTremorInterferon Gamma ELISPOT Testing as a Risk-Stratifying Biomarker for Kidney Transplant Injury: Results From the CTOT-01 Multicenter Study
Hricik D, Augustine J, Nickerson P, Formica R, Poggio E, Rush D, Newell K, Goebel J, Gibson I, Fairchild R, Spain K, Iklé D, Bridges N, Heeger P, consortium F. Interferon Gamma ELISPOT Testing as a Risk-Stratifying Biomarker for Kidney Transplant Injury: Results From the CTOT-01 Multicenter Study. American Journal Of Transplantation 2015, 15: 3166-3173. PMID: 26226830, PMCID: PMC4946339, DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13401.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAnimalsAntilymphocyte SerumBiomarkersChildEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayFemaleFollow-Up StudiesGlomerular Filtration RateGraft RejectionGraft SurvivalHumansInterferon-gammaKidney Failure, ChronicKidney Function TestsKidney TransplantationMaleMiddle AgedPostoperative ComplicationsPrognosisProspective StudiesRabbitsRisk FactorsTissue DonorsConceptsAnti-thymocyte globulinDonor-reactive memory T cellsMemory T cellsAcute rejectionPosttransplant eGFRATG inductionT cellsInterferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assaysEnzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assayBiopsy-proven acute rejectionHuman leukocyte antigen mismatchesPrimary kidney transplant recipientsRabbit anti-thymocyte globulinKidney transplant injuryKidney transplant recipientsImmunosorbent spot assayGlomerular filtration rateAfrican American racePotential effect modifiersAllograft injuryAntigen mismatchesELISPOT testingPeak PRAKidney transplantationRecipient ageAdverse Outcomes of Tacrolimus Withdrawal in Immune–Quiescent Kidney Transplant Recipients
Hricik DE, Formica RN, Nickerson P, Rush D, Fairchild RL, Poggio ED, Gibson IW, Wiebe C, Tinckam K, Bunnapradist S, Samaniego-Picota M, Brennan DC, Schröppel B, Gaber O, Armstrong B, Ikle D, Diop H, Bridges ND, Heeger PS. Adverse Outcomes of Tacrolimus Withdrawal in Immune–Quiescent Kidney Transplant Recipients. Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology 2015, 26: 3114-3122. PMID: 25925687, PMCID: PMC4657844, DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121234.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAgedAntibodiesAtrophyCalcineurin InhibitorsChemokine CXCL9Early Termination of Clinical TrialsFemaleFibrosisGraft RejectionHistocompatibility TestingHLA-DQ AntigensHumansImmunosuppression TherapyInterferon-gammaKidneyKidney TransplantationKidney TubulesMaleMiddle AgedNephritisProspective StudiesTacrolimusWithholding TreatmentYoung AdultConceptsDe novo donor-specific antibodiesKidney transplant recipientsAcute rejectionTransplant recipientsCNI withdrawalEpitope mismatchesTacrolimus withdrawalProtocol biopsiesCalcineurin inhibitorsDe novo DSADevelopment of dnDSANovo donor-specific antibodiesRabbit antithymocyte globulinTubular atrophy scoreDonor-specific antibodiesPrimary end pointIFN-γ ELISPOTDonor kidney transplantsUnacceptable rateAntithymocyte globulinCare immunosuppressionUrinary CXCL9Withdrawal armMycophenolate mofetilKidney transplant
2013
Cytomegalovirus Glomerulopathy and Cytomegalovirus Interstitial Nephritis on Sequential Transplant Kidney Biopsies
Vichot AA, Formica RN, Moeckel GW. Cytomegalovirus Glomerulopathy and Cytomegalovirus Interstitial Nephritis on Sequential Transplant Kidney Biopsies. American Journal Of Kidney Diseases 2013, 63: 536-539. PMID: 24568687, PMCID: PMC7210789, DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.08.021.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSecond biopsy specimenBiopsy specimenCMV infectionInterstitial nephritisKidney biopsyKidney transplant biopsy specimensEndothelial cellsCMV-negative patientsCMV-positive cellsCMV-positive donorsFirst biopsy specimenKidney transplant graftsSequential kidney biopsiesTransplant biopsy specimensTransplant kidney biopsiesGlomerular capillary endothelial cellsTubular epithelial cellsGlomerular capillary loopsGlomerular capillary luminaCapillary endothelial cellsCytoplasmic viral particlesKidney transplantTubular injuryLymphoplasmacytic infiltrateTransplant graftsClinical outcomes associated with conversion from brand-name to generic tacrolimus in hospitalized kidney transplant recipients
Heavner MS, Tichy EM, Yazdi M, Formica RN, Kulkarni S, Emre S. Clinical outcomes associated with conversion from brand-name to generic tacrolimus in hospitalized kidney transplant recipients. American Journal Of Health-System Pharmacy 2013, 70: 1507-1512. PMID: 23943182, DOI: 10.2146/ajhp120783.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsKidney transplant recipientsBrand-name tacrolimusTrough tacrolimus levelsTransitions of careTransplant recipientsAcute rejectionTacrolimus levelsTacrolimus dosageHospital admissionBiopsy-proven acute rejectionSingle-center observational studyTacrolimus trough levelsMonths of dischargePercentage of patientsMeeting study criteriaPeriod of careGeneric tacrolimusKidney transplantTrough concentrationsTrough levelsClinical outcomesDosage adjustmentGeneric formulationStudy criteriaObservational studyMulticenter Validation of Urinary CXCL9 as a Risk-Stratifying Biomarker for Kidney Transplant Injury
Hricik DE, Nickerson P, Formica RN, Poggio ED, Rush D, Newell KA, Goebel J, Gibson IW, Fairchild RL, Riggs M, Spain K, Ikle D, Bridges ND, Heeger PS, consortium F. Multicenter Validation of Urinary CXCL9 as a Risk-Stratifying Biomarker for Kidney Transplant Injury. American Journal Of Transplantation 2013, 13: 2634-2644. PMID: 23968332, PMCID: PMC3959786, DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12426.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute rejectionUrinary CXCL9Kidney transplantationBiopsy-proven acute rejectionFirst kidney transplant recipientsKidney transplant injuryProgressive renal dysfunctionKidney transplant recipientsMulticenter observational studyGlomerular filtration rateAcute dysfunctionAllograft recipientsCXCL9 mRNAImmunological causesRenal dysfunctionTransplant recipientsImmune injuryTransplant injuryImmune riskUrinary mRNAFiltration rateClinical trialsObservational studyLower riskNoninvasive biomarkers
2012
A One-Day Centralized Work-up for Kidney Transplant Recipient Candidates: A Quality Improvement Report
Formica RN, Barrantes F, Asch WS, Bia MJ, Coca S, Kalyesubula R, McCloskey B, Leary T, Arvelakis A, Kulkarni S. A One-Day Centralized Work-up for Kidney Transplant Recipient Candidates: A Quality Improvement Report. American Journal Of Kidney Diseases 2012, 60: 288-294. PMID: 22571868, DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.04.008.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsKidney transplantImprovement reportMultivariable Cox proportional hazards modelsCox proportional hazards modelKidney transplant candidacyMinimal listing criteriaGroup of patientsUniversity-based hospitalQuality improvement reportProportional hazards modelTransplant candidacyTransplant evaluationUNOS waitlistWaitlist placementTransplant centersComorbid conditionsMedian timeMultivariable analysisTransplant practitionersDialysis exposureFunctional statusWait listHazards modelPatientsRecipient candidates
2010
Renal Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury: Developing a Risk Stratification Framework
Licurse A, Kim MC, Dziura J, Forman HP, Formica RN, Makarov DV, Parikh CR, Gross CP. Renal Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury: Developing a Risk Stratification Framework. JAMA Internal Medicine 2010, 170: 1900-1907. PMID: 21098348, DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.419.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcute Kidney InjuryAgedCreatinineCross-Sectional StudiesDecision Support TechniquesFemaleHospitalizationHumansHydronephrosisKidneyLikelihood FunctionsMaleMiddle AgedMultivariate AnalysisPredictive Value of TestsRacial GroupsRecurrenceRetrospective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsUltrasonographyUreteral ObstructionUrinary Tract InfectionsConceptsAcute kidney injuryKidney injuryAdult inpatientsIncidental findingPrerenal acute kidney injuryRecurrent urinary tract infectionsMultivariable logistic regression modelYale-New Haven HospitalHistory of hydronephrosisElevated creatinine levelRenal transplant recipientsCongestive heart failureUrinary tract infectionHigh-risk groupLow-risk groupCross-sectional studyLogistic regression modelsNephrotoxic medicationsTransplant recipientsClinical characteristicsCreatinine levelsNonblack raceRenal ultrasonographyTract infectionsHeart failure