2009
Clinical course of Tourette syndrome
Bloch MH, Leckman JF. Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. Journal Of Psychosomatic Research 2009, 67: 497-501. PMID: 19913654, PMCID: PMC3974606, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.09.002.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTourette syndromeComorbid conditionsObsessive-compulsive disorderClinical courseLong-term clinical courseChildhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorderEarly adulthoodLong-term outcomesAttention deficit disorderTic symptomsDepressive disorderTic disordersVocal ticsGeneral populationNeuropsychiatric disordersLiterature searchRelevant articlesDisordersSyndromeChildrenAdulthood outcomesOne-thirdSymptomsTraditional literature searchThree-quarters
2003
Tourette’s syndrome in children
Swain JE, Leckman JF. Tourette’s syndrome in children. Current Treatment Options In Neurology 2003, 5: 299-308. PMID: 12791197, DOI: 10.1007/s11940-003-0036-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTourette syndromeSide effectsComorbid conditionsPharmacologic agentsCourse of ticsLow-dose neurolepticsRealistic treatment expectationsAvailable pharmacologic agentsAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderBenefits of interventionsCommitted cliniciansDeficit hyperactivity disorderObsessive-compulsive disorderTreatment optionsSuccessful treatmentClinical trialsSomatic treatmentsTreatment responseSpecific symptomsEffective treatmentCommon treatmentTreatment expectationsTic severityTic controlNeurophysiologic basis
2001
Tic disorders: when habit forming neural systems form habits of their own?
Leckman JF, Yeh CB, Cohen DJ. Tic disorders: when habit forming neural systems form habits of their own? Journal Of The Chinese Medical Association 2001, 64: 669-92. PMID: 11922487.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsObsessive-compulsive disorderTourette syndromeAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderBasal gangliaIntolerable side effectsSubgroup of patientsLong-term outcomesAlpha-adrenergic agentsMajor affective disordersSpecific brain circuitsNew therapeutic directionDeficit/hyperactivity disorderAutoimmune mechanismsEarly brain developmentComorbid conditionsAtypical neurolepticsClinical neuroscience researchClinical trialsPrevalent disorderChildhood onsetClinical careMarked impairmentSide effectsPharmacological techniquesAffective disorders