Flipped Classroom

Flipped classrooms have gained a lot of popularity with educators in the last few years. The concept aims to leverage the use of blended learning. The online format is reserved to teach basic concepts while the face to face classroom learning is used for exploring application and synthesis of information.

This is especially relevant today in medical education given the constraints on time for resident duty hours and the ever-expanding volume of medical information. We have begun using this concept in anesthesia residency training at Yale. Our goal is to have a library of videos, podcasts and material to help teachers and learners in the specialty.

We begin by sharing with you the material for teaching the topic of neuromuscular blockers. We have an animation for the mechanism of action of neuromuscular blockers and a feedback form for teachers and learners using the material.

Please let us know how you are using the material and we would love if you could share your learning objects with us.

Video Resources

Flipped Classroom Resources

Video delivery of toxicology educational content versus textbook for asynchronous learning, using acetaminophen overdose as a topic.Vo T, Ledbetter C, Zuckerman M. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019 Oct; 2019 Feb 26. PMID: 30806092.
A flipped classroom method based on a small private online course in physiology.Zhang XM, Yu JY, Yang Y, Feng CP, Lyu J, Xu SL. Adv Physiol Educ. 2019 Sep 1. PMID: 31305152.
Interventions to Reduce Burnout and Improve Resilience: Impact on a Health System's Outcomes.Moffatt-Bruce SD, Nguyen MC, Steinberg B, Holliday S, Klatt M. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Sep. PMID: 31107254.
The effectiveness of a flipped classroom on the development of Chinese nursing students' skill competence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Xu P, Chen Y, Nie W, Wang Y, Song T, Li H, Li J, Yi J, Zhao L. Nurse Educ Today. 2019 Sep; 2019 Jun 14. PMID: 31279251.
Medical students' orientation toward lifelong learning in an outcome-based curriculum and the lessons learnt.Ramamurthy S, Er HM, Devi Nadarajah V, Radhakrishnan AK. Med Teach. 2019 Aug 13; 2019 Aug 13. PMID: 31408404.
Learning with technology in physiotherapy education: design, implementation and evaluation of a flipped classroom teaching approach.Røe Y, Rowe M, Ødegaard NB, Sylliaas H, Dahl-Michelsen T. BMC Med Educ. 2019 Jul 31; 2019 Jul 31. PMID: 31366351.
Addressing Social Determinants of Health Through Community Engagement: An Undergraduate Nursing Course.Schroeder K, Garcia B, Phillips RS, Lipman TH. J Nurs Educ. 2019 Jul 1. PMID: 31242312.
Undergraduate nurse educators' transition to flipped classroom: A qualitative study.Bernard JS, Ghaffari M. Nurs Forum. 2019 Jul; 2019 Jun 10. PMID: 31183882.
The flipped-classroom approach to teaching horizontal strabismus in ophthalmology residency: a pilot study.Cabrera MT, Yanovitch TL, Gandhi NG, Ding L, Enyedi LB. J AAPOS. 2019 Jun 20; 2019 Jun 20. PMID: 31229609.
Development and Implementation of a National Neonatology Flipped Classroom Curriculum.Izatt S, Gray M, Dadiz R, French H. J Grad Med Educ. 2019 Jun. PMID: 31210868.
Implementing the flipped classroom approach to dermatopathology and dermoscopy resident education: A single-institution experience.Muzumdar S, Waldman RA, Grant-Kels JM, Kerr P. J Cutan Pathol. 2019 May 30; 2019 May 30. PMID: 31148219.
A forum where french-speaking faculty can exchange research on teaching.Vicens Q, Coumoul X, Souciet JL. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2019 May 29; 2019 May 29. PMID: 31141270.
Establishing a computational biology flipped classroom.Compeau P. PLoS Comput Biol. 2019 May; 2019 May 23. PMID: 31120882.
Teaching Clinical Informatics in a Concept-Based Flipped Classroom.Guerra D. Nurse Educ. 2019 May/Jun. PMID: 30130266.
The Flipped Classroom: A Critical Appraisal.Kraut AS, Omron R, Caretta-Weyer H, Jordan J, Manthey D, Wolf SJ, Yarris LM, Johnson S, Kornegay J. West J Emerg Med. 2019 May; 2019 Apr 16. PMID: 31123556.
Flipped Classroom Strategy: An Accessible, Application-Driven Approach to Genomics Education.Fee-Schroeder KC, Nelson DM. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2019 Apr 1. PMID: 30880799.
Outcomes and influential factors applying flipped learning methods in a clinical adult nursing practicum.Cho MK, Kim MY. Int J Nurs Pract. 2019 Apr; 2019 Jan 29. PMID: 30697866.
Investigating the self-study phase of an inverted biochemistry classroom - collaborative dyadic learning makes the difference.Kühl SJ, Schneider A, Kestler HA, Toberer M, Kühl M, Fischer MR. BMC Med Educ. 2019 Feb 28; 2019 Feb 28. PMID: 30819178.
Pre-Class Learning Methods for Flipped Classrooms.Han E, Klein KC. Am J Pharm Educ. 2019 Feb. PMID: 30894772.
Nursing students studying physiology within a flipped classroom, self-regulation and off-campus activities.Bingen HM, Steindal SA, Krumsvik R, Tveit B. Nurse Educ Pract. 2019 Feb; 2019 Jan 12. PMID: 30690317.
Neuroanatomy, the Achille's Heel of Medical Students. A Systematic Analysis of Educational Strategies for the Teaching of Neuroanatomy.Sotgiu MA, Mazzarello V, Bandiera P, Madeddu R, Montella A, Moxham B. Anat Sci Educ. 2019 Jan 31; 2019 Jan 31. PMID: 30702219.
Introducing early-phase medical students to clinical paediatrics using simulation and a flipped-classroom.Uther P, Van Munster KA, Briggs N, O'Neill S, Kennedy S. J Paediatr Child Health. 2019 Jan 22; 2019 Jan 22. PMID: 30672066.
A Review of Innovative Teaching Methods.Sivarajah RT, Curci NE, Johnson EM, Lam DL, Lee JT, Richardson ML. Acad Radiol. 2019 Jan; 2018 May 9. PMID: 30929697.
Flipped Learning: Can Rheumatology Lead the Shift in Medical Education?El-Miedany Y, El-Gaafary M, El-Aroussy N, Youssef S. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2019. PMID: 29663891.
Human Papillomavirus: From Basic Science to Clinical Management for Preclinical Medical Students.Wiley R, Shelal Z, Bernard C, Urbauer D, Toy E, Ramondetta L. MedEdPORTAL. 2018 Dec 21; 2018 Dec 21. PMID: 30800987.
The Neuroscience Classroom Remodeled with Team-Based Learning.Pollack AE. J Undergrad Neurosci Educ. 2018 Fall; 2018 Dec 15. PMID: 30618497.
Embracing the flipped classroom: the planning and execution of a faculty workshop.Gopalan C, Bracey G, Klann M, Schmidt C. Adv Physiol Educ. 2018 Dec 1. PMID: 30387698.
Blended learning modules for lectures on oral and maxillofacial surgery.Bock A, Modabber A, Kniha K, Lemos M, Rafai N, Hölzle F. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Dec; 2018 Nov 14. PMID: 30448012.
[Kahoot: Applications and Effects in Education].Kuo CL, Chuang YH. Hu Li Za Zhi. 2018 Dec. PMID: 30488408.
Flipped Classroom Approach to Teaching a Radiology Medical Student Clerkship.Tan N, Bavadian N, Lyons P, Lochhead J, Alexander A. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Dec; 2018 Oct 16. PMID: 30340999.
Using traditional or flipped classrooms to teach "Geriatrics and Gerontology"? Investigating the impact of active learning on medical students' competences.Granero Lucchetti AL, Ezequiel ODS, Oliveira IN, Moreira-Almeida A, Lucchetti G. Med Teach. 2018 Dec; 2018 Jan 21. PMID: 29355063.
Comparing the effects of traditional lecture and flipped classroom on nursing students' critical thinking disposition: A quasi-experimental study.Dehghanzadeh S, Jafaraghaee F. Nurse Educ Today. 2018 Dec; 2018 Sep 28. PMID: 30286373.
Medical certificate education: controlled study between lectures and flipped classroom.Tusa N, Sointu E, Kastarinen H, Valtonen T, Kaasinen A, Hirsto L, Saarelainen M, Mäkitalo K, Mäntyselkä P. BMC Med Educ. 2018 Oct 24; 2018 Oct 24. PMID: 30355332.
Enhancement of student perceptions of learner-centeredness and community of inquiry in flipped classrooms.Lee YH, Kim KJ. BMC Med Educ. 2018 Oct 23; 2018 Oct 23. PMID: 30352591.
Gamifying anatomy education.Ang ET, Chan JM, Gopal V, Li Shia N. Clin Anat. 2018 Oct; 2018 Nov 2. PMID: 30168609.
Flipping the classroom: a national pilot curriculum for physiology in neonatal-perinatal medicine.French H, Gray M, Gillam-Krakauer M, Bonachea EM, Carbajal M, Payne A, Vasquez MM, Rubinos L, Falck A, Izatt S, Dadiz R. J Perinatol. 2018 Oct; 2018 Aug 7. PMID: 30087455.
[Application of Flipped classroom combined with case-based learning in resident training of endodontics].Sun HY, Qiu LH, Zhan FL, Xue M. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2018 Oct. PMID: 30680404.
Addition of Care for Transgender-Related Patient Care into Doctorate of Pharmacy Curriculum: Implementation and Preliminary Evaluation.Newsome C, Chen LW, Conklin J. Pharmacy (Basel). 2018 Sep 29; 2018 Sep 29. PMID: 30274311.
Active Learning in Flipped Life Science Courses Promotes Development of Critical Thinking Skills.Styers ML, Van Zandt PA, Hayden KL. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2018 Sep. PMID: 30040531.
Student Learning in an Accelerated Introductory Biology Course Is Significantly Enhanced by a Flipped-Learning Environment.Barral AM, Ardi-Pastores VC, Simmons RE. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2018 Sep. PMID: 30040530.
Integrative Oncology Scholars Program: A Model for Integrative Oncology Education.Zick SM, Czuhajewski C, Fouladbakhsh JM, Greenlee H, Harris RE, Henry NL, Jolly S, Khabir T, Perlmutter J, Remington T, Snyder D, Spratke L, Zebrack B, Zettell E, Benn R. J Altern Complement Med. 2018 Sep/Oct. PMID: 30247974.
The Future of the Lecture in Neurology Education.Schaefer SM, Dominguez M, Moeller JJ. Semin Neurol. 2018 Aug; 2018 Aug 20. PMID: 30125896.
Erratum: Application of flipped classroom pedagogy to the human gross anatomy laboratory: Student preferences and learning outcomes.Fleagle TR, Borcherding NC, Harris J, Hoffmann DS. Anat Sci Educ. 2018 Jul; 2018 Mar 22. PMID: 29966047.
Implementation of a Flipped Classroom for Nuclear Medicine Physician CME.Komarraju A, Bartel TB, Dickinson LA, Grant FD, Yarbrough TL. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2018 Summer. PMID: 29933263.
Nursing Students Choose Their Own Role in a Flipped Classroom Approach.Boruff R. J Nurs Educ. 2018 Jul 1. PMID: 29958318.
Investigation of a Stand-Alone Online Learning Module for Cellular Respiration Instruction.Goff EE, Reindl KM, Johnson C, McClean P, Offerdahl EG, Schroeder NL, White AR. J Microbiol Biol Educ. 2018; 2018 Jun 29. PMID: 29983851.
Academic outcomes of flipped classroom learning: a meta-analysis.Chen KS, Monrouxe L, Lu YH, Jenq CC, Chang YJ, Chang YC, Chai PY. Med Educ. 2018 Jun 25; 2018 Jun 25. PMID: 29943399.
Flipping the Dental Anatomy Classroom.Kellesarian SV. Dent J (Basel). 2018 Jun 21; 2018 Jun 21. PMID: 29933558.
Flipped Classroom: A Concept for Engaging Medical Students in Learning.Singh K, Mahajan R, Gupta P, Singh T. Indian Pediatr. 2018 Jun 15. PMID: 29978818.
Introducing First-Year Medical Students to Radiology: Implementation and Impact.Kraft M, Sayfie A, Klein K, Gruppen L, Quint L. Acad Radiol. 2018 Jun; 2018 Mar 16. PMID: 30691773.
A Meta-Analysis of Outcomes Comparing Flipped Classroom and Lecture.Gillette C, Rudolph M, Kimble C, Rockich-Winston N, Smith L, Broedel-Zaugg K. Am J Pharm Educ. 2018 Jun. PMID: 30013248.
"Flipped classrooms" in training in maxillofacial surgery: preparation before the traditional didactic lecture?Elledge R, Houlton S, Hackett S, Evans MJ. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Jun; 2018 Apr 30. PMID: 29709383.
Effectiveness of a Flipped Classroom in Learning Periodontal Diagnosis and Treatment Planning.Lee C, Kim SW. J Dent Educ. 2018 Jun. PMID: 29858258.
Analysis of satisfaction and academic achievement of medical students in a flipped class.Jung H, An J, Park KH. Korean J Med Educ. 2018 Jun; 2018 May 30. PMID: 29860776.
Experiences of medical teachers in flipped learning for medical students: a phenomenological study.Park KH, Park KH, Chae SJ. Korean J Med Educ. 2018 Jun; 2018 May 30. PMID: 29860775.
[Application and exploration of micro-class combined with flipped classroom in cardiopulmonary resuscitation teaching for dental students].Zhu H, Yan XL, Shen DJ, Zhang SN, Huang J. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2018 Jun. PMID: 30411136.
"Flipped classroom" for academic and career advising: an innovative technique for medical student advising.Amini R, Laughlin BS, Smith KW, Siwik VP, Adamas-Rappaport WJ, Fantry GT. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2018; 2018 May 14. PMID: 29785150.
Online Lectures in Undergraduate Medical Education: Scoping Review.Tang B, Coret A, Qureshi A, Barron H, Ayala AP, Law M. JMIR Med Educ. 2018 Apr 10; 2018 Apr 10. PMID: 29636322.
Impact of a Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Educational Program for Interdisciplinary Teams.Murgu S, Rabito R, Lasko G, Jackson C, Mino-Kenudson M, Ettinger DS, Ramalingam SS, Edell ES. Chest. 2018 Apr; 2017 Dec 12. PMID: 29246769.
Teaching & Learning Tips 6: The flipped classroom.Shi CR, Rana J, Burgin S. Int J Dermatol. 2018 Apr. PMID: 29528121.
Flipped classroom improves student learning in health professions education: a meta-analysis.Hew KF, Lo CK. BMC Med Educ. 2018 Mar 15; 2018 Mar 15. PMID: 29544495.
Effectiveness of flipped classrooms in Chinese baccalaureate nursing education: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Hu R, Gao H, Ye Y, Ni Z, Jiang N, Jiang X. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018 Mar; 2017 Nov 29. PMID: 29223013.
Flipped Classroom: Do Students Perceive Readiness for Advanced Discussion?Hoover CA, Dinndorf-Hogenson GA, Peterson JL, Tollefson BR, Berndt JL, Laudenbach N. J Nurs Educ. 2018 Mar 1. PMID: 29505075.
First 'Global Flipped Classroom in One Health': From MOOCs to research on real world challenges.Ruiz de Castañeda R, Garrison A, Haeberli P, Crump L, Zinsstag J, Ravel A, Flahault A, Bolon I. One Health. 2018 Jun; 2018 Feb 12. PMID: 29911163.
Students' perceptions of a blended learning experience in dental education.Varthis S, Anderson OR. Eur J Dent Educ. 2018 Feb; 2016 Dec 25. PMID: 28019061.
Dental students' learning attitudes and perceptions of YouTube as a lecture video hosting platform in a flipped classroom in Korea.Seo CW, Cho AR, Park JC, Cho HY, Kim S. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2018; 2018 Oct 11. PMID: 30317831.
Qualitative Analysis of a Cultural Dexterity Program for Surgeons: Feasible, Impactful, and Necessary.Udyavar R, Smink DS, Mullen JT, Kent TS, Green A, Harlow AF, Castillo-Angeles M, Columbus AB, Haider AH. J Surg Educ. 2018 Sep - Oct; 2018 Feb 16. PMID: 29456075.
Using learning analytics to evaluate a video-based lecture series.Lau KHV, Farooque P, Leydon G, Schwartz ML, Sadler RM, Moeller JJ. Med Teach. 2018 Jan; 2017 Nov 7. PMID: 29113565.
Consequences of Switching to Blended Learning: The Grenoble Medical School Key Elements.Houssein S, Di Marco L, Schwebel C, Luengo V, Morand P, Gillois P. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2018. PMID: 29677982.
Replacing Lectures with Small Groups: The Impact of Flipping the Residency Conference Day.King AM, Mayer C, Barrie M, Greenberger S, Way DP. West J Emerg Med. 2018 Jan; 2017 Dec 18. PMID: 29383050.
An Integrative Approach to STEM Concepts in an Introductory Neuroscience Course: Gains in Interdisciplinary Awareness.Basu AC, Mondoux MA, Whitt JL, Isaacs AK, Narita T. J Undergrad Neurosci Educ. 2017 Fall; 2017 Nov 15. PMID: 29371849.
A model for the use of blended learning in large group teaching sessions.Herbert C, Velan GM, Pryor WM, Kumar RK. BMC Med Educ. 2017 Nov 9; 2017 Nov 9. PMID: 29121908.
Flipping the Nursing Classroom Without Flipping Out the Students.Greenwood VA, Mosca C. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2017 Nov/Dec. PMID: 28820757.
Flipping an Undergraduate Gerontological Nursing Course: Student Perceptions.Dabney BW, Mitchell R. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2017 Nov/Dec. PMID: 28759552.
Flipped classroom instructional approach in undergraduate medical education.Fatima SS, Arain FM, Enam SA. Pak J Med Sci. 2017 Nov-Dec. PMID: 29492071.
Curated Collection for Educators: Five Key Papers about the Flipped Classroom Methodology.King A, Boysen-Osborn M, Cooney R, Mitzman J, Misra A, Williams J, Dulani T, Gottlieb M. Cureus. 2017 Oct 25; 2017 Oct 25. PMID: 29282445.
Does the acceptance of hybrid learning affect learning approaches in France?Marco LD, Venot A, Gillois P. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2017; 2017 Oct 20. PMID: 29051406.
Video-Based Teaching of Image-Guided Breast Interventions: Stereotactic Core Biopsy Using a Prone Table.Phillips J, Sharpe R, Majmundar Sheth M, Fein-Zachary V, Slanetz PJ, Mehta TS, Lewis PJ. MedEdPORTAL. 2017 Oct 10; 2017 Oct 10. PMID: 30800838.
Cross-year peer-assisted learning using the inverted ("flipped") classroom design: A pilot study in dentistry.Quoß M, Rüttermann S, Gerhardt-Szep S. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes. 2017 Oct; 2017 Oct 11. PMID: 29029969.
Educational leadership: benefits of stepping outside the classroom.Pressley TA. Adv Physiol Educ. 2017 Sep 1. PMID: 28743690.
Dental and Medical Students' Use and Perceptions of Learning Resources in a Human Physiology Course.Tain M, Schwartzstein R, Friedland B, Park SE. J Dent Educ. 2017 Sep. PMID: 28864791.
Applying the Flipped Classroom to the Clinical Skills Laboratory.Nurse Educ. 2017 Sep/Oct. PMID: 28825940.
Flipping around the classroom: Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing students' satisfaction and achievement.El-Banna MM, Whitlow M, McNelis AM. Nurse Educ Today. 2017 Sep; 2017 Jun 19. PMID: 28654815.
Improving Pharmacy Student Communication Outcomes Using Standardized Patients.Gillette C, Rudolph M, Rockich-Winston N, Stanton R, Anderson HG Jr. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017 Aug. PMID: 28970611.
Influence of Reading Material Characteristics on Study Time for Pre-Class Quizzes in a Flipped Classroom.Persky AM, Hogg A. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017 Aug. PMID: 28970604.
The flipped classroom.Eaton M. Clin Teach. 2017 Aug. PMID: 28703501.
Results of a Flipped Classroom Teaching Approach in Anesthesiology Residents.Martinelli SM, Chen F, DiLorenzo AN, Mayer DC, Fairbanks S, Moran K, Ku C, Mitchell JD, Bowe EA, Royal KD, Hendrickse A, VanDyke K, Trawicki MC, Rankin D, Guldan GJ, Hand W, Gallagher C, Jacob Z, Zvara DA, McEvoy MD, Schell RM. J Grad Med Educ. 2017 Aug. PMID: 28824763.
Randomized Controlled Study of a Remote Flipped Classroom Neuro-otology Curriculum.Carrick FR, Abdulrahman M, Hankir A, Zayaruzny M, Najem K, Lungchukiet P, Edwards RA. Front Neurol. 2017; 2017 Jul 24. PMID: 28790966.
Retention of Content Utilizing a Flipped Classroom Approach.Shatto B, LʼEcuyer K, Quinn J. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2017 Jul/Aug. PMID: 28628072.
What factors facilitate the engagement with flipped classrooms used in the preparation for postgraduate medical membership examinations?Jesurasa A, Mackenzie K, Jordan H, Goyder EC. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2017; 2017 Jun 28. PMID: 28721116.
The Benefits of a Real-Time Web-Based Response System for Enhancing Engaged Learning in Classrooms and Public Science Events.Sarvary MA, Gifford KM. J Undergrad Neurosci Educ. 2017 Spring; 2017 Jun 15. PMID: 28690444.
The Case-Based Collaborative Learning Peer Observation Worksheet and Compendium: An Evaluation Tool for Flipped Classroom Facilitators.Frankl S, Newman L, Burgin S, Atasoylu A, Fishman L, Gooding H, Kamin D, Puig A, Thomas AM, Cohen D, Schwartzstein R. MedEdPORTAL. 2017 May 17; 2017 May 17. PMID: 30800785.
Development of a Flipped Medical School Dermatology Module.Fox J, Faber D, Pikarsky S, Zhang C, Riley R, Mechaber A, O'Connell M, Kirsner RS. South Med J. 2017 May. PMID: 28464171.
Facing the challenges in ophthalmology clerkship teaching: Is flipped classroom the answer?Lin Y, Zhu Y, Chen C, Wang W, Chen T, Li T, Li Y, Liu B, Lian Y, Lu L, Zou Y, Liu Y. PLoS One. 2017; 2017 Apr 6. PMID: 28384167.
The flipped classroom: Benefits of student-led learning.Smith CE. Nursing. 2017 Apr. PMID: 28328770.
Friend or Foe? Flipped Classroom for Undergraduate Electrocardiogram Learning: a Randomized Controlled Study.Rui Z, Lian-Rui X, Rong-Zheng Y, Jing Z, Xue-Hong W, Chuan Z. BMC Med Educ. 2017 Mar 7; 2017 Mar 7. PMID: 28270204.
Moving toward heutagogical learning: Illuminating undergraduate nursing students' experiences in a flipped classroom.Green RD, Schlairet MC. Nurse Educ Today. 2017 Feb; 2016 Nov 25. PMID: 27914357.
Student Developed and Led Simulation Scenarios.Gwin T, Villanueva C, Wong J. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2017 Jan/Feb. PMID: 29194248.
Pedagogical Approaches to Teaching-Learning Theory.Morrow MR. Nurs Sci Q. 2017 Jan. PMID: 28899287.
Facilitating higher-order thinking with the flipped classroom model: a student teacher's experience in a Hong Kong secondary school.Lee KY, Lai YC. Res Pract Technol Enhanc Learn. 2017; 2017 Feb 10. PMID: 30613257.

Platelet Activation Resources

Clinical aspects of platelet inhibitors and thrombus formation.Meadows TA, Bhatt DL. Circ Res. 2007 May 11. PMID: 17495233.

Physiology and Anatomy of the Liver Resources

Preoperative evaluation of patients with liver disease.Hanje AJ, Patel T. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 May. PMID: 17476209.
AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure.Polson J, Lee WM. Hepatology. 2005 May. PMID: 15841455.
Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians.Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V. CMAJ. 2005 Feb 1. PMID: 15684121.

CVP Resources

Jugular venous pulse: window into the right heart.Devine PJ, Sullenberger LE, Bellin DA, Atwood JE. South Med J. 2007 Oct. PMID: 17943049.